Marketing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing Strategy - Assignment ExampleThe paper besides have a critical evaluation of the orchard apple trees competitive edge and demonstrate how speciality using its competitive performance evaluation. Lastly, the paper set a marketing objective for the organization to increase the brand awareness, growth in sales profitability/volume and increase market share. apple Inc is a global company that gets based in America and its headquarters, orchard apple tree California, gets located in California, United States. Apple got established in 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs and got incorporated in January 1977. Apple designs and sells customers electronics, computer software, and in-person computers. The Macintosh personal computer range, iPhone, iPod, and the iPad are some of the best-known products of Apple (Steven, 2002). Some of the software products that get sold by Apple comprise Final Cut Studio that is a video and music production suite, Aperture that is professed(preno minal) photography software. In addition, Mac Os X operating system, iTunes media browser and Logic Studio that is a music production suite.By May 2012, the company indicated that it has over 300 stores that are located in over ten countries adding the online store. Banton (2011) describes the company as been one of the largest technological firms globally as far as world/s traded companies by market capitalization gets concerned. According to Banton (2011) some of the analysts have even proposed that the Apple Inc. Company has more cash compared to the United States government. Apple (2012) stated that it had over 60, 000 employees that get employed on a permanent basis along with 2800 temporally employees in the world.Regardless of the company success, it has received wide critics in the way it treats its contractors and the impacts of the operations of the company in the environment. Among the heavy critics that Apple has received recently is that of Apple supplying workers in C hina leaving in unhealthy

Ostpolitik And Its Influence Between The US And USSR Essay

Ostpolitik And Its persuade Between The US And USSR - Essay ExampleThe Nixon administration was unconvinced about Brandts Ostpolitik and a solid stance on Germ both was difficult to achieve. Kissinger eventually accepted the USs limited authority on the dtente in Germany but did attempt to influence it through talks over Berlins status. Nixons acceptance of the dtente was motivated by tactical reasons rather than to develop a relationship with the Soviets (Gates 2004). Although the US cast doubts on Ostpolitik, its ramification was felt wide afterward. The US felt that more comprehensive conference with the Soviets was possible and during the period the two superpowers went through a phase of cooperation. Yet the cold war refused to go away. Their rivalry influenced global politics with each attempting to insert their ideology in European and other nations approximately the world. States which were not directly united with either the US or Soviets started the Non-aligned movemen t but were pawns in the detention of the superpowers who tried to win their support through economic and military aid. Despite the competition between the superpowers, dialog between the US and the Soviets improved in the era of dtente which was occurring as a result of Brandts Ostpolitik. Increased cooperation led to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) in 1972 and 1974 where both powers initiated a long work at spanning decades of reducing their military armaments. Ostpolitik was a precursor to the Helsinki Accords where the US and the Soviet Union on with 32 other European nations.... One of the measures to do this was to abandon the use of force in any dispute and resolve issues by diplomatic negotiations. The other element of Brandts Ostpolitik was the recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line as the certain border between Poland and Germany. This border meant Poland took some of German territory thereby displacing millions of Germans from this area (Pittman 1992). The effe ct of Ostpolitik was that displaced atomic number 99 Germans were able to make visits to Poland and reunite with family and friends. The treaty did not change the duties of the four powers governing Germany and maintained the lading of West Germany towards future unification.Brandts Ostpolitik also aimed at improving relations with the Soviet Union and Poland but this polity created divisions among the people. Two camps with opposing views on Ostpolitik had formed. The policy was especially unpopular among the victims of ethnic cleansing in einsteinium Germany who decried it as illegal. Moscow too was sceptical about openings between West and East Germany and wanted to have it (Wolf 1999). The other camp commended the policy as creating change through rapprochement or a process of developing healthy relations rather than maintaining seclusion. The process of rapprochement was aided by socialist government activity expectations that a West German Social Democratic management wo uld comprehend the situation more. Ostpolitik did encourage the tardy waning of the siege mindset present with East Germany and improve the recognition of the economic system operational within each state. Ostpolitik also differed ardently with social democrats and conservatives. When the soviets agreed to open negotiations on the Berlin situation, the Treaty of

Human Sexuality and Proponents of the Religious Viewpoint Essay

Human Sexuality and Prop onenessnts of the Religious Viewpoint - Essay ExampleBy discriminating against homosexual, nightclub becomes oblivious to the unlike factors that result in sexual attraction. Furthermore, the United States has one of the most elaborate bills of rights, one emulated by several democracies all over the world. It, therefore, becomes redundant for such a country to formulate and fulfil policies that stifle the very human rights that its bill of rights seek to defend. The proponents of the abolition of gay marriages are often spectral leaders who continue to teach their followers that homosexuality is a sin and therefore not acceptable. They rest of both a section of Christians and their Muslim counterparts. While Christians continue to face division on the grapple with several clerics already endorsing the gay marriages, their Muslim counterparts continue to maintain a more stringent placement to the issue of homosexuality. Most Islamic states outlaw such a cts thereby denying their population the freedom of choice. However, those in American decree enjoy the liberal human rights that safeguard the interest of every human (Shanty and Patit 22). Religion is an central aspect of human life. Religion one of the most essential social pillars that hold the social material in societies together, it provides a benchmark with which people assess their behaviours thereby resulting in a cohesive society in which everyone enjoys equality. The American constitution safeguards the freedom of religion and worship thereby allowing the population to own different religions and viewpoints on their social life.

Design an evaluation scheme for the Heart of Hackney regeneration Essay

Design an evaluation scheme for the Heart of Hackney transmutation labor - Essay ExampleHackney becomes a prime business location targeting a number one carbon economy and innovative high value manufacturing (Hackney, 2010). It excessively believed that the developments in the housing stock, schools and public terra firma make Hackney an attractive location to live in, visit and work at. This paper will hold back to provide an evaluation scheme for the Heart of Hackney transformation project.The Heart of Hackney regeneration project is a major undertaking not only for the borough but as a national green light to address urban degradation. The 2012 Summer Olympics became a good excuse to prioritize East London as problems about urban sprawl become international in significance due to global heating plant and growing integration of cultures.In addressing the objectives and implicit theory of change by the Heart of hackney regeneration project, it is imperative to dig through i ts economic goals, the underlying factor for all harvest aspirations. In the reference work draft (Hackney, 2010), the Hackney Council set the Economic Development Strategy. It acknowledged the opportunity that the borough has at the moment which it also needs to seize in order to fit as an engine for Londons renew economic growth, (Hackney 2010, p 2). In general, the EDS objective is to help shape the local economic way of life in order to provide long-term prosperity for the residents.The Council acknowledged that despite the recent employment growth in Hackney placing it just one percent below the London average did not spell out the ideal as the borough still is considered the second most deprived in England due to long-term unemployment.Specifically, the plan is currently focused on its Ways into Work program. A mentioned in the report, Hackney is providing interventions to out-of-school youths and dismissed individuals in the form of volunteerism, training, temporary em ployment, and other means to

Location or existence of Atlantis Research Paper

Location or existence of Atlantis - Research Paper Example some(prenominal) form these stories whitethorn take, they often invite debate, discussion, and controversy as scholars, historians, archaeologists, and academicians try to sterilize their merits. An example is the expansive of Gilgamesh that tells the fabrication of the Great Flood, which is very eerily similar to the biblical stories of a similar deluge and the extract of a few masses such as Noah and his Ark. This heroical tells of the existence of a reliable fairy named Gilgamesh in the kingdom of Uruk in ancient Sumeria at around 2700 B.C.E. as proven by archaeologists. It so happened physical records of his ancient reign were found in ruins in todays modern Iraq. Another interesting epic is that of Saga of the Volsunga Clan which is partly based from the barbarian invasions during the so-called Great Migration Period (circa 400-800 A.D.) back in cardinal Europe when the Roman Empire was attacked by Goths, Vandal s, Saxons, the Lombards, and Franks who were followed later on by the Vikings, Huns, Slavs, and Normans. The Volsunga clan story may have been the basis of another more famous epic, which is the Epic of the Nibelungenlied of middle-high German period. This paper talks on a controversy that is not yet resolved satisfactorily, the existence and location of the lost world of Atlantis. watchword (Section 2) The on-going controversy about Atlantis may never die down or change surfacetually resolved because it is shrouded in mystery and obscurity. The absence of any physical evidence about its actual location or even its previous existence in annals cannot be ascertained one hundred percent disrespect the best efforts of archaeologists and historians alike. However, Atlantis has an enduring attraction to some people who insist it had actually existed in human history while a few others also debunk this theory as far-fetched and a mere crossing of an active imagination. Whatever is th e truth about Atlantis, various theories had been put forward by eminent people to advance their own beliefs about it and this paper examines five such theories. In particular, this brief essay discusses the merits of from each one theory while categorizing the theories into either belonging to the group which proves or disproves the very existence of a real Atlantis in the distant past. Before the probable location of Atlantis can be established, it is necessary to first determine whether Atlantis is real or not, which is decidedly a right way to discuss a topic as controversial as Atlantis. But before discussing its most likely location, it is extremely helpful to put things in context and perspective so a preliminary discussion is a necessity whether Atlantis is real or just a figment of imagination, a work of fiction, anything fantastical that was made up, invented, imagined, or fabricated by a brilliant mind. Atlantis comes from the Greek word meaning an island of Atlas as it was thought to be a gift given by the Greek gods to Poseidon. Atlas is one of titans in the Greek pantheon of mythology, the one usually seen carrying the Earth (depicted as a globe on his shoulders). Poseidon is one of the twelve gods on Mount Olympus whose populace was the oceans, and he is alternatively called as God of the Sea among ancient Greeks. The history or a story about Atlantis myth can be traced to Greek philosopher Plato who had used it in his stories. This is because Plato

Psychology College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

psychology College - Essay ExampleThe basic purpose of this paper was to simulate a situation where nonpareil had to do with finding a solution to a problem without having certain cognitive brain functions at our disposal. earlier moving on to the actual crux of the paper, I would like to mention a few dramatic points which will enable the reader to better understand my sentiments in regards to brain damage and neuropsychological problems.The origin why I have such strong sentiments in this case is due to the fact that mavin of my cousinss suffered the same fate. At the age of 9, he was involved in a traumatic accident during which he sustained injuries to the head and brain. Although the doctors were able to save his life, he lost sight in his left eye, fortify and legs. His brain functions were also permanently impaired. Before the accident, he was a bright boy with much arrangement of the future but the accident nearly destroyed him completely. It took him years of recov ery to get to where he is now. Presently, he has adapted so well to his condition that he has completed high school, went on to complete a degree at his local community college and eventu ally ended up working as an animator. His hallucination is design an animated cartoon such as Shrek. The above paragraph will define the principal(prenominal) crux of my paper for you. My belief is that no matter how badly impaired one might be the use of proper therapy and sheer will power can garter you to adapt to your impairment.In position to properly simulate the required situation, I had briefed my friend, Jessica, two days prior to our engagement so that she would be better prepared for the task at hand. Consequently, we locked ourselves in my room and accordingly, I had her write something down on a piece of paper which she consequently duly placed in her pocket and away from my nosey eyes. nowadays the fact of the matter is that Ive known Jessica since we were in pre-school so I wa s confident that I would be able to guess what shed written. However, since we could not communicate in anyway posed quite a muckle of problems which will be duly mentioned as this paper continues.At first, Jessica made no attempt to help in anyway. Therefore, for the first 20 minutes I just sat there wondering what I had gotten myself into. My decision of providing Jessica with every detail of my project was turning out to be a bad one because she would try her hardest to beat me at it. However, Ive always been stubborn and therefore I was not about to eat up that easily. I knew without doubt that I would have to adopt a methodical approach towards finding a solution to the problem that lay before me and that was what I did. Before we had begun the exercise, Jessica and I had agreed upon a basic method of using a modified version of charades. Consequently, I started by pointing towards different things in the room and picking them up. On some objects she would nod while on others she would just shake her head.Now it was my task to firstly see out what sort of system she had conjured up in her mind and then to decode it in order to use it. I started off by writing down all the letters in the name of the object e.g. cushion, chair, pen etc. Now what I needed to figure out was which letters to use and which not to and in which order as well. One other adventure was also whether she had chosen a number

Ecomonics Assignment - Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ecomonics - Questions - Assignment ExampleC) Zero opportunity cost. D) Constant opportunity cost. E) Infinite opportunity cost. 3) Which single of the following would lead to an increase in the demand for hamburgers? A) a rise in the expense of french fries, a complement of hamburgers B) a decrease in warer income if hamburgers are a normal good C) a news report that hamburgers can cause skin diseases D) a decrease in population coat E) a new fad hamburger diet 4) The marginal cost (MC) curve intersects the A) AVC and AFC curves at their negligible points. B) TC and TVC curves at their minimum points. C) ATC and AFC curves at their minimum points. D) ATC, AVC, and AFC curves at their minimum points. E) ATC and AVC curves at their minimum points. 5) heart and soul cost is $20 at 4 units of output and $36 at 6 units of output. Between 4 and 6 units of output, marginal cost A) Equals ordinary total cost. B) Is less than average total cost. C) is greater than average total cost. D) Equals to average variable cost. E) Equals average fixed cost. 6) Marginal cost ________. A) Increases at low outputs until it reaches its upper limit value, then remains constant B) decreases at low outputs and increases at high outputs C) is constantly decreasing, but as output increases it decreases by smaller and smaller amounts D) is constantly increasing, but as output increases it increases by smaller and smaller amounts E) decreases at low outputs until it reaches its minimum value, then remains constant 7) A consumer choosing between apples and oranges is at her best low-cost point. Then the price of apples decreases. If both apples and oranges are normal goods, which one of the following statements is current about her new best affordable point? She leave alone consume more than apples and fewer oranges. B) She will consume more apples, and we cannot tell whether she will consume more or less oranges. C) She will consume fewer apples and fewer oranges. D) She will c onsume fewer apples and more oranges. E) She will consume more apples and more oranges. 8) If income decreases, the budget line A) becomes flatter. B) Shifts leftward and parallel to the original budget line. C) becomes steeper. D) Shifts rightward and parallel to the original budget line. E) Shifts parallel both leftward or rightward depending on whether the goods measured on the axes are normal or inferior. 9) A consumers best affordable point occurs A) at a point that cannot be determined. B) Inside the budget line. C) Outside the budget line. D) On the budget line. E) At a corner on the budget line, with only if one good consumed. 10) Larry consumes only beer (B) and chips (C). If beer is measured on the vertical axis, the relative price of chips in terms of beer is all of the following pretermit A) the magnitude of the slope of the budget line B) fair to middling to the opportunity cost of 1 bag of chips C) the solid income in terms of beer D) PC/PB E) the inverse of the r elative price of beer in terms of chips 11) When the price elasticity of demand is ________, demand for the good is elastic. A) greater than 1 B) between 1 and zero C) equal to infinity D) equal to zero

Labor Issues in Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Labor Issues in human beings Resources - Essay ExampleThe essay Labor Issues in Human Resources talks abtaboo the labor issues in human resources. HR has a lot of changes that it can shrink to avert the problem. There atomic number 18 some of the defined roles of the HR that it can major on severely to ensure that it undertakes its roles effectively.After reading the article on HR, I can answer the three questions provided. We love to hatred HR Since most HR managers usually focus a lot on the administrivia thus presenting a lack vision and strategic Insight that is desirable for their work. Such complaints have a cyclical quality, and they argon normally pushed by the business context. When firms and companies strive with the labor issues, then HR becomes an indispensable leadership, partner. The office of the HR bosses the working staffs a lot and is not comparable to any other office in a firm, not even the finance office.HR has a lot of changes that it can undertake to avert the problem. There are some of the defined roles of the HR that it can major on heavily to ensure that it undertakes its roles effectively. These roles include managing layoffs work and generating flexible work arrangements. The HR is also tasked with creating a Performance management as there the characteristic difference from the old type of Performance Management and the current modern type management. The HR is intensely entailed in the recruiting process since they are structured or skilled to create interviews that help in singling out the identity the best candidates.

Animal testing debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal scrutiny debate - Essay ExampleIn addition, an example, according to a creator head of U.S. national cancer institute was a cure for cancer that goed for mice but did not work for animals (Cohen & Regan 2001 108). Laboratory animals are bred for predisposition to certain types of diseases, kept in conditions that would be considered unnatural and exposed to disproportionately large amounts of chemicals and other substances used for exam. This therefore means that animal research adds little to our understanding of diagnosis and treating patients. The third argument raised is the benefits to tender beings from animal testing are very minimal and that selection methods could be employed because they are efficient (Yarri 2005 151). Alternative methods include computer modeling and testing human tissues. Statistics from the National Institute for Medical Research, London reveled that approximately ninety-two percent of drugs that were successful during animal testing failed during clinical trials on human beings (Lovell-Badge 2013). Thus, this wastes time that could be used on alternative drug testing as the DNA of humans and animals is very different. Personally, I agree with prohibition of animal experimentation for aesculapian products as it is unethical. Scientists should endeavor to find logical and ethically acceptable ways of animal experimentation. If it is also come-at-able to employ anesthesia and derive the same results, the same should be done. Buffalo, NY says that all animal experiments are insupportable on a statistical.

Bank first Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bank first - Essay warning381- 384).Factors that influenced demand curve of houses to shift to the right are increased disposable income through mortgages and a eventful demand level. This increased the aggregate demand to raise the equilibrium price (Boyes and Melvin, p. 49- 50).Factors that caused a shift in supply curve are reduced consumers financial capacity, the legal provision for foreclosures and the reduced reckon of people who could buy the available homes. This had an effect of lowering the equilibrium price (Boyes and Melvin, p. 54- 56).The U.S. economy was at the clinical depression pegleg during the housing crisis. This is because of the comparative condition that unlike previous poor economic conditions in which banks could sell foreclosed homes, the period was the worst, and such resale was not possible (Boyes and Melvin, p. 132).The economy is currently at the recovery stage, a stage that follows depression towards restructuring. The recovery period is also iden tifiable by the transition that followed the crises such as governance initiative to save the banking sector through bailing them. The banking industry has however not reached its peak performance (Boyes and Melvin, p. 132).The governing body efforts to bail out the banks did not prevent depression. This is because it played a microeconomic role to a whiz sector of the economy instead of ensuring a comprehensive approach to the macroeconomic problem. This is however not the prissy role of the government whose responsibility covers all sectors of the economy, including protection of consumers.The companys identified risk factors complicate inconsistency in economic and financial environment that sometimes adversely affect performance, lack of assertion in the governments ability to ensure a stable economic status, variation in interest rates that sometimes lowers

How to Develop an Evangelistic Lifestyle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How to Develop an Evangelistic Lifestyle - Essay ExampleIn this book, the author reveals how one may keep the belief that Gospel bed clearly and effectively communicate the pith without any legalism that turns grace confusing. Moreover, with the help of this book, one can learn more about his crowning(prenominal) faith in Christ as a Savior. As it is believed and gospel message that all the believers in Christ are the representatives and the ambassadors for Jesus having responsibility to declare His message to the entire world, in fact the go word. Apostle Paul is an enormous example of a loving and bold representative for Jesus. He came forward with the message of cooperation and reconciliation to all those who come in contact with him. He was the person who really did faithful evangelism throughout his life. Conversely, most of us cannot prove to be Apostle Paul. For many believers of Jesus Christ, the job of evangelism is some(a)thing this may turn them into misdeed and fe ar. For most of the believers, it is not a joyful experience than what it should be. Although many believers put in great efforts to invent evangelistic lifestyle and declaring the magnificent gospels messages but at the same time some fail to understand the urgency of this spiritual nourishment. So, Dr. Moyer points out what can be done to develop more faithful evangelistic efforts. In the first chapter, How to Develop an Evangelistic Lifestyle, Dr. ... Christ commands to his representatives Go into the world and preach the gospel to every creature. This verse simply tells that evangelism requires true dedication and the obedience of God. On the other hand, jibe to Dr. Moyer, some people excuse while spreading the message of gospel to their surroundings which is absolutely at odds(p) in achieving evangelistic lifestyle. It is in addition presented in the book that those individuals who present themselves entirely to evangelism also offer themselves to prayers. They also reques t God to offer them with courage to speak about Gospel. This gave them strength to understand that God can do this or He will surely do that. Personal contact is also inhering in developing evangelism. We may have contact with non- Christians in a get together or in an informal discussion regarding spiritual things. Moreover, we should not let fright and panic set in our way. With the help of this initial information put forward by Dr. Moyer, it is obvious that evangelistic lifestyle evermore deals with true commitment and obedience. It also demands sincere efforts and involvements rather than just developing a mere intention. It is a great way to bring lost individuals to the right path of God. Next to these initial details presented by Dr. Moyer, the second chapter of the book under title How to Turn a Conversation to Spiritual Things is far more interesting. According to Dr. Moyer, talking about spiritual things is nothing difficult but only to those who are already interested. So, the question is that what to do with those non- Christians who are not interested in such topics. How we can bring up the subject of Spiritual things to discussion. How we can turn the topic of discussion from Golf to God, from secular to

Consumer Behavior Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer Behavior communicate - Essay ExampleAs a man, the society expects you to be fall in in a certain sort with the feminine gender expected to behave in a different way. This means that the adverts must be tuned towards what the society perceives to be feminine or masculine. But what if you extract a product that is feminine or masculine while you are of a different gender? Does it make you a lesser charitable? The answer is all in the psychological imprint that the society has placed as a bench mark for what we feel and how we are expected to react to these feelings. The feelings are then transferred and commoditized into products which mean that each must pick that which is gender correct. All in all, there are those who are oblivious of what mickle bring forward well-nigh their choices. They should not be condemned. Personally, anytime I feel like picking a soft insobriety and I come across a diet coke or Coke Zero, I do not think about it as a gender-based product. I pick that which I feel is right(a) for me at that particular moment, whether deal stare back or whisper in secret. CONSUMER KNOWLEDGE croak week was such an informative outing for me. While I was just walking across the shop mall, I realized that people were baffled by all the products that were on display. It got me thinking, why are people staring and admiring display items whereas they can just go in, get what they ask and go back sign? but I realized that many of these people have only seen the adverts and do not have any clue about the products rather than what they have heard. When these products, mainly clothes and accessories are displayed, people are dismayed by the prices and also the way they appear. They do not have any knowledge about the products they want or even how they can access that information. The sources of information could be many if one chose to look. race who have already bought and used these products could form the first source of inspiration. How ever, they may be biased minded(p) the chances that the products may have been irrelevant or not amounting to what they expected. Another way is to get an expert in that sector and get firsthand information on the best products to buy. This may be costly as some may offer information in exchange for money, citing consultation fees. But the presence of the meshing offers one a chance to get as much information as possible with the break down of a button. Therefore, next time you go shopping, make sure you have the details, the prices, and the quality of the product you need rather than stand in front of a shopping mall to admire what is on display. convergence APPEAL For a long time now, companies have been looking for the best way of appealing to their manoeuver client through advertising. As people look for the best, they are mainly attracted by the visual survey of the product before quality comes to focus. Many companies have come under attack for what has been termed as d iscriminatory adverts but let us be honest in the current digital world, sex sells Women result always oh-ah when they see Brad Pitt or David Beckham. Men will always stand and stare when Angelina Jolie or Eva Longoria passes by. The young generation has identified Justin Bieber and Lady Gaga as some of their favorite musicians. These are people known for their sex appeal. Is it wrong when products capitalize on these? Passing through the streets of the nearby town, one cannot throw off these sexual innuendos. A beautiful woman is advertising a skin lotion

Analyse and evaluate the overall HR strategy, especially in relation Coursework

Analyse and evaluate the overall HR strategy, especially in relation to manpower planning and gift management - Coursework ExampleTherefore, in the perspective of workforce sequences much(prenominal) as budge in customer preference and technology in the field of engineering and mechanical design technology. incoming oriented brasss such TNNB must consider rethinking of their view of human resource management strategies, which have linchpin internal and external factors affecting them in an organization. Radical changes have to be undertaken in the company regarding miscellaneous human resource management variables that will help manage current and future human chief city in the organization. These factors are social, technological and depend greatly on the environment in which the human seat of government is located. The organizations success depends on the design and implementation strategy that human resource has. These strategies should be linked to the employee of the or ganization and other external factors such as the government. Human resource strategies should also analyze all the dimensions of TNNB systems such as nature of staff their skills and abilities, stakeholders and the current market trends in the industry. This will help the management to look for thus manage their labour force leading to maximum labour output. In addition, the culture at bottom the organization, leadership from the two project managers and employee engagement has a crucial role to play in talent retention (Amos 2008 pg45). The management should consider these factors in order to develop an integrated framework in talent management this will help the organization to develop a pathway for outstanding business performance.In an organizational set up such as TNNB, it is common knowledge that team managers should add to a greater extent value in the corporation. This will help reduce tension between the two engineering departments. The beat out strategy of doing this i s by converting the engineers and other sub ordinate staff in to business partners of

Violet Crawley and Fitzwilliam Darcy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

imperial Crawley and Fitzwilliam Darcy - Essay ExampleViolet Crawley is from a noble family but her family was impoverished. Her join brought her a noble title but little wealth since the Earldom was also impoverished. Her children married into money earlier than nobility. She was against Roberts enfolding to Cora. This is because she had pride in nobility and not money (Fellowes, 2011). Violet discriminated people on the basis of social classes. Her granddaughter could not marry Mathew Crawley, the new heir of Earldom, since he did meet her expectations as he was from the upper middle class rather than nobility. She also refused to acknowledge the change in Marys inheritance which resulted in her forming an alliance with Cora Crawley, her daughter-in-law. Violet has many quarrels with Isobel Crawley. Violet, president the Downton Hospital, has complete control over the infirmarys chief doctor Richard Clarkson and the whole hospital in general. Mrs. Crawley started intimidating t he doctor into applying modern medical practices. One of these practices was curing dropsy by administration of adrenaline. This was contradicting to the Countess of Dowagers protest against administering adrenaline to cure a local farmer. The Countess pursues Clarkson and Isobel into the operation room to air her protests, where she witnesses the farmer being saved. The doctor is forced to appoint Isobel death chair of the Board in order to prevent further, forcing pride ridden Violet to share power with Isobel (Fellowes, 2011). Violet remained a strong influence at Downton Abbey throughout World War One. On learning Matthews participation to Lavinia Swire, she reacts in distaste as she watches Matthew, now an army captain, match. Rosamund and Violet scheme to intimidate Lavinia in cancelling her engagement to Matthew. They are especially motivated when Rosamund overhears Lavinia being threatened by Sir Richard about a political scandal. moreover Violets pride does not bear frui ts because they both do not succeed in convincing Lavinia to end her engagement. When Isobel proposes to Cora that Downton Abbey be utilized as a convalescent dwelling for wounded soldiers, Violet reacts in disgust and with horror at the prospect of strangers living in the house. Cora phlegmatically reminds Violet that she no longer holds the title of Countess of Grantham. Therefore, Cora is the sole decision maker regarding issues of the house. Violet is accused of inability to communicate among social classes, instigating her to expose that she and Carson always had the first promenade at the servants ball. This illustrates Violets pride (Fellowes, 2011). At one point during the war, an exceedingly burned Canadian officer named Patrick Gordon goes to Downton to recuperate and impersonates Patrick Crawley, who ostensibly survived the Titanic, recuperated in Canada, and was twisting in a deadly explosion in the war. Violet reacts with indignation, displaying her pride. When Sybil plans to push through with her marriage to the family chauffeur, turkey cock Branson, Violet and Robert attempt to persuade her out of it because it would be scandalous to the elite. After their unsuccessful attempt, Violet makes up details about Branson in order to minimize damages to the aristocracy. These details would seem more gratifying by other members of the aristocracy. This suggests a sense of pride in Violet and the aristocracy in

International Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Decision Making - Essay ExampleOne or cardinal decisions makers atomic number 18 however given the decision taking authority but limited with number of decisions to be taken. Because of this most of the decisions are delayed and memos seeking claims are passed slowly gathering signatures on the way. This slow work is however adversely affecting the pedigreelines in todays competitive environment, where decisions are to be taken fast.In the air transport sector, there is lots of uncertainty which largely depends on consumer behavior. The logics used for estimations of operations and environments are non very clear. Under this sector, many important decisions like the supply of services etc. are base on these estimates and therefore a clear decision has to be taken. The carriers supply decision making do is investigated, first when the demand function is obtained through classical methods then when it is given by a woolly-headed function. (Charfeddine 200 5, P.8).However, there are different interesting equipments set up by air ducts for convenience of their customers, while h superannuated for the flight arrival, and if there is a long gap between flights and have to stay at drome for quite a long time for un fecal matterny reasons. Few of them are given below The American Airlines Admirals Club at DFW has a kids room with computer games and cartoons. OHare got a play zone under final Two operated by the Chicago Childrens Museum. San Francisco has Kids Spot in Terminal 3. Vancouvers international terminal has a celluloid stream that leads to an aquarium filled with 850 sea creatures and 1000 jellyfish tank. Singapores Airport was named best airport in world for past 2 decades by Business Traveler magazine. It contains exotic gardens, two house electric circuit nearby Singapore, napping rooms as also a movie theatre. All these facilities can attract the customers and are made in the interest of customers who have to wait for lo ng hours for their flights to arrive and have nothing to do, can take advantage of all these beautiful arrangements.There are online travels shopping services available by airline through which you can track airline ticket pricing for leisure as rise up as business travels the website helps the travelers easily compare the flight options and airfares. (The inside on how airlines set fares and make decisions. 2007). Airline transport is a quite booming industry with an expected yearly growth rate of 6% for the 5 coming years. But airline transport is also a difficult industry, particularly for old atomic number 63an companies with heavy management structures, unionized personnel, and poor flexibility. The to and fro operations of the company takes place from Brussels airport. hither there are different options of operating more lines and with high efficient aircrafts, both in Europe and intercontinental, as additional traffic is generated by transfer passengers flying between their origin and

Facebook and Privacy Essay Example for Free

Facebook and Privacy EssayObjective SummaryEx-Apple Engineer, Peter Warden, has hive away public fan page teaching from 215 million Facebook pages, revealing current trends, such as idol beingness the number one most popular fan page among Facebook users in the Southern U.S., whereas Barack Obama feature heavily for San Francisco users, and Starbucks was number one in Idaho. Warden plans to release this selective information to the pedantic community because he sees long potential in the data that can be extracted from these sites. This process is called data harvesting. The article suggests future academic work in this ara is likely to occu impacting on peoples privacy. (FACTS 100 words)ResponseThe ETHICAL issue fundamental to this article is privacy and control. On one hand, Warden claims his intentions are altruistic (helpful to others) and that the data he is making circumpolar here is a matter of public discourse. However, the FACTS are that individual users wh o are generating this data have incomplete been consulted about the data collection nor have they given permission for Warden to use it. Clearly Warden does not time value others peoples privacy as much as he WANTS (emotion) to create the website. The argument could be made that once a user becomes a fan of a page on Facebook or, indeed, publishes any content to the internet, that education becomes public. User who have deployed privacy settings to carefully maintain a strong sense of control everywhere their profiles, however, might well feel very ANGRY about this use of their data. Facebook can harvest that data (and does, for targeted advertising purposes) because they have a commitment to those advertisers (emotion)and engineers like Warden can develop data-trawling engines to collect accessible information across a massive dataset. The LAW needs to be much edifyer about the rights of consumers, companies and advertisers in these situations.As Facebook is presumably bound by its induce set of critically considered ETHICAL guidelines, these are neverthess underpinned by moneymaking(prenominal) VALUES and a vested interest (emotion) in keeping the data of its users from competitors. Warden claims to be operating under his own set of ethics that privilege (value) the furthering of knowledge. The issue then shifts to the academic community. Warden contends that one of his central motivations for collecting this data was so that he could share it with the academic community. Although this claim may be true, most (if not, all) Universities have clear ETHICAL guidelines for research that explicitly VALUE and therefore require consent from participants. If none of the users gave consent for their data to be collected in this way, this in effect denies them a sense of AGENCY. Thus, academically, this data is tainted.While its implications are important the trends it makes visible are crucial to meeting the localised structures of social network sites like Facebook. Personally, I would believe people should be able to tick a box that gives consent for the use of their private material. I do not believe, either, that it should be one of those boxes you are obliged to tick before being able to use a site that removes my personal AGENCY and I VALUE this very much. It should be up to me to decide whether other people get my data. If this sort of system was in place, everyone would know the FACTS, everyone would understand what is going on and no one would feel (emotion) betrayed or exposed unfairly.

English Languages and Power Essay Example for Free

side of meat Languages and Power Essay face language has many types that are influenced by the culture of the people. This is why opposite people cannot understand people with a different type of side of meat. English language, according to Dr. Tupas is not a neutral language. It is ideological through and through beca apply it carries meanings which are not originally not ours. Learning straight-laced English can help you understand the ideas of a person with a different type of English language. In his essay, Wronging English, he explains that when you know your English inside and out, you know whats wrong and whats right, then you can intentionally make the English wrong. In Sutherlands essay For A While, he states that English usage in the Philippines is idiosyncratic, or even unique. For example, in the Philippines, the idiom for a while means sandali lang, but in UK, they would prefer to use just a second or just a moment. For the foreign perspective, Philippine Engli sh may sound odd to the visitors. On the other hand, Montemayors essay The Kings English and I, she states that British English has verbose politesse.In example, the Filipinos will just say thanks or thank you, but the British will always say, thank you very much indeed. Moreover, Dr. Tupas essay wronging English neutralizes the perspective of Sutherland and Montermayor. She exclaimed that changing the way we speak and drop a line does not automatically translate to changing the way we live in our lives. And by saving the English language may just be a good way to save us from mentation that English is inherently good, it brings good lives to everyone, and everyone benefits from it.

Political Philosophy and Medium-paragraph Length Answer Essay Example for Free

Political Philosophy and Medium-paragraph Length Answer EssayProvide a medium-paragraph continuance answer to each question below (using full and complete sentences). The questions ar about the readings listed on the platform for 2/19 and 2/26. 1. Identify and explain the two objections that Michael Sandel raises about Jeremy Benthams philosophy of Utilitarianism. 2. What are the three typefaces of policies and laws that Michael Sandel identifies as being commonly rejected by libertarians?Briefly explain each type of policy, and explain why libertarians are philosophically opposed to them. 3. According to Mary Anne Warren (in On the moralistic and Legal Status of stillbirth), what are the five central criteria for moral personhood, and what are the implications of this criteria on the bother of whether or not the fetus has the right to life? 4. According to Don Marquis (in Why Abortion Is Immoral), what is the property that the fetus possesses which do works abortion an immoral act? Why does Marquis say that abortion is just as wrong as killing an innocent adult person? 5. Judith Jarvis Thomson (in A exoneration of Abortion) makes an argument about the morality of abortion when the pregnancy is due to rape by creating a fictitious example about being hooked up to an unconscious violinist.What are the elements of her example that make it analogous to the situation of pregnancy due to rape? What is the conclusion she draws about the morality of abortion in this situation, and what is the basis for this conclusion? Submission Guidelines Include your name and the assignment name (Homework Assignment 1) in the text of the document Include your name and the assignment name (Homework Assignment 1) in the name of the file that you submit.

Poetry and Wright Essay Example for Free

Poetry and Wright EssayThe poetry of Judith Wright conveys a strong backbone of ? Australian Identity. This is evident though Wrights strong connection to the ocean, using descriptions and personifications of the sea. Wrights ? Australian Identity is firmly establish through poetry with her use of ideas that have become synonymous with the Australian stereotype what people signalize as being uniquely ?Australian. This includes the description of the stereotypical Australian beach scene and the attitudes shown by the surfboarder and even the surf in the poem characteristics recognised as ?typically Australian. These features of her poetry have constituted Wright as a truly ? Australian poet.The surf, grey-wolf sea sitting on the whitened pebbles and shells atomic number 18 images that are recognised as Australian and part of the Australian identity. The surfer too is instantly recognisable as typical Aussie character. He is described as brown and he has muscle ? he is the st ereotype of the bronzed, goodish surfer. The use of these ideas that have become typically Australian show Judith Wright as an Australian poet which in spot reflects the Australian identity.Judith Wright has a strong connection to the Australian beach, and the ideas she conveys through her poetry are very more steeped in nature. This link to the Australian sea immediately distinguishes Wright as an Australian poet. The Australian connection to the sea and surf is reflected in the repetition of muscle to describe both the surfer and the shudder expresses the surfers connection to the wave and to nature. This connection is further emphasised by the personification of the wave through long muscle of water.The dumbfound of both the surfer and Wright to the sea defines Wright as Australian and reflects Australians strong links to the sea. ?Australian traits are non shown only by Wright herself, but by characters in her poems. In The Surfer, Wright uses assonance (those and foam) to describe the wave. This has the effect of creating a long and lazy piece of sound imagery for the reader. The laconic nature of the wave is the same as the typical Australian ? laid back spirit giving Wrights poetry an Australian flavour and such contribute greatly to Wrights recognition as being an Australian poet.

Two Reading Journals Essay Example for Free

Two rendition Journals EssayA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor is a bill which utilizes caricatures of people to reveal some aspects of character that all readers can identify with. While the characters on the literal error level seem too unreasonably stereotyped to be real, some of their behaviors and responses are actually truly similar to those of all humanity. For example, the Grandmother begins as the quintessential nagging, hyper-critical, self-absorbed old woman that everyone prefers to ignore.However, her constant spirt of religious maxims and her ability to use her holier-than-thou attitude for guilt purposes is a trait that many readers describe in their own family members or even themselves, perhaps as the oppressed son, even. After the initial get word with the Misfit, these stereotypical demeanors fade away, and the real personality of the characters can come through. This is similar to the concept that peoples true selves come through in times of great trial or emergency. The bratty children dollar sign up in fear, and the grandmother begins to treat the Misfit with an almost caring respect, which he doesnt buy, of course. Her ultimate get to save the Misfit from sin fails, just as her attempt to win loyalty from her son by guilting him into doing her mastery fails. However, she is forced into thinking about someone else, in this case the Misfit. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce hum Oates tells the story of a tough talking teen girl who is constantly concerned with the appearance she projects to the outdoor(a) world. Her tough exterior is extremely believable, as many teens suffer from this underlying lack of confidence.However, her pursuit by the psychotic Arnold Friend forces her t go steady that not everyone will fall for the tough and cool exterior. Arnolds friendly exterior keeps her off guard just long enough for him to draw her in. He knows that mystic inside she is scared and eager to please this is how he wins her ultimate and fatal compliance. He had forced her to realize that she was not the tough chick she wanted to be, and she notes that she just felt empty. The shell was cracked, and there was nothing inside. both(prenominal)(prenominal) of these stories contrast the exterior of a person with his or her interior. In the face of a perilous situation, both the Grandmother and Connie realize they cannot fall back on their usual game. Both, then allow themselves to be wrong in the absence of any other choices.

Differences in ethnic experiences of criminal justice system Essay Example for Free

Differences in cultural experiences of vicious justice arrangement attemptEthnic minorities, afro-Caribbeans and, to a lesser completion, Asians, are vastly over represented in official statistics for criminal anger, and convictions, just these statistics are not necessarily representative of what is real. An example of these statistics is that black people make up 2. 7% of the British population, and Asians 4. 7%, but black people make up 11% of the prison population, and Asians 6%. Experiences amongst different heathen groups who interact with the criminal justice system are still truly diverse.Whilst self-report studies show that vacuouss are much(prenominal) likely to offend than blacks and Asians even less likely (Indians 30%, Pakistanis 28% and Bangladeshis 13% according to Graham and Bowling) this does not represent the experiences of said pagan groups. The criminal justice system consists of a number of steps which include policing, complete and search, ar rests/cautions, prosecutions, trials, convictions, sentencing and prison and at each stage it appears that blacks, and more than recently Asians, are much more likely to face injustice, abuse or negativity indoors the criminal justice system.Phillips and Bowling note that since the 1970s many allegations of oppressive policing towards ethnic minorities have been barf forward with mass stop and search operations excessive surveillance, armed raids, police violence. With policies such as the Stop and Search and the Terrorism Act (2000), police officers may stop at any prison term or place, any vehicle or person and search them for any or no reasons, but the patterns of how these policies put to use are disproportionate towards ethnic minorities black people are 7 propagation likely to be stopped than whites, and Asians 3 times as likely.Police disproportionately using stop and search techniques against minority ethnic groups may be the result of police racism, which the Macphers on report of 1999 highlights. Institutional racism within the police force and its individual members may make officers more suspicious, weary and paranoid round ethnic minorities. This could in any case be the result of demography, ethnic minorities are over-represented in the social groupings most likely to be stopped and search, such as young, unemployed, working-class males. However this could simply reflect the differences in offending between ethnic groups.But more evidence for institutional racism towards certain ethnic groups appears when we canvass more, white people are given cautions for crimes much more often than blacks or Asians, arrest judge for blacks are 3. 6 times higher than for whites. This again indicates some kind of unfair or racial treatment however it could be the result of blacks or Asians being more likely to deny an law-breaking and look for legal advice out of mistrust for the police, leading to an eventual arrest, as we have already state that t hese minorities are more likely to be unfairly policed by officers.The mistrust of the system may to a fault result in ethnic minorities who go on trial opting for a jury. Although in contrast, 60% of white defendants found guilty as compared with only 52% of blacks and 44% of Asians, and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) more likely to drop cases against ethnic minorities. This suggests that police are bringing weak cases against ethnic minorities to court, thus being abandoned.Although this suggests a more fair treatment in regards to prosecution and conviction, it indicates police racism in forcing ethnic minorities into court for frivolous crimes. Ethnic groups such as blacks and Asians possibly have a much harder and more negatively perceived experience of the criminal justice system because they are subject to a administrate of discrimination, for instance in self-report studies when asked for the perpetrators ethnicity, many people would often guess black even if they ar ent sure, reinforcing the negative ethnic stereotype.Since the 9/11 attacks suspicions about Muslims have risen greatly, even though they cannot be justified on the large scale discrimination and prejudice they experience, this prejudice can often lead to over policing in ethnic minority areas, thus adding to the disparity in the criminal statistics, it may not be that these ethnic groups are committing more crime, it could just be that there are more police acting in a vigilant way around and towards these groups, so they are punished more harshly.It could be argued that if the same amount of vigilance and over-policing was applied to white communities equally, the statistics may equalize. Whilst it is clear that Blacks and Asians are overrepresented in criminal statistics, the extent of this remains to be seen, it is possible that the reality is that those ethnic groups, on average, do commit more crimes than others, it is also possible this is false.

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity Es sayStereotypes have costed in a very long time, and approximately everyone has stereotyped a person or has been considered as belonging to a particular group of stereotypes. alone what is a stereotype actu aloney? Stereotyping is a way to group races or individuals together and make a judgment well-nigh them, without even be intimateing them. Its a belief about a sure social group or type of individuals. Stereotypes can be positive, however stereotypes be most oft associated with negativity.Stereotypes very much exist about cultures and countries as a whole, and it makes it easier to define a country or race, if you govern them in specific groups. Almost every country or race has a stereotype. There exist infinitely many different stereotypes. As said before, they exist based groups and race, but excessively on gender and age. There are common stereotypes, which is about and between the cultures. Some common stereotype examples are, that all(pren ominal) Asians have high IQs or somber populate are everlastingly connected to crime and violence.Its grouping the race together saying that every Asian person is smart and every black person is criminal. Another type of stereotyping is the individual, which is about skaters, emos, gangsters and so on. Emos are stereotyped as being low people, who listen to sad music and cut themselves. Individual stereotypes are most between teenagers and in the schools, because junior people want to make one group or person superior and above some other group or person.Stereotypes are not just about different races and backgrounds however. Gender and ago stereotypes also exist in our society. For example, if you say that men are better than women, youre stereotyping all men and all women. The invention of stereotypes has come naturally though time. When we see persons we dont know, we automatically begin to found them in different groups in our head. It makes us believe we actually know them better or know what type of persons they are. An example can be a person from the Middle East, because many people often connect them with only troubles and thefts.In that way we personally feel more safety, because then we might say to ourselves that we have to take care and be more careful about what to say so in that location wont be any problems. On the other hand our thoughts about stereotypes arent always detrimental. We say that Italian are great cooks and make delicious food, which is a positive stereotype about Italy. ThereforeIda Jessen og Rikke Hemmingsen HH1C Silkeborg Handelsgymnasiet arent stereotypes the same as prejudices.Stereotypes are often exaggerated and funny and prejudices are only negative opinions about people and things. Stereotypes always appear negative in the medias. Again were comparing with the people from the Middle East. When there has been a crime and theyre talking about it in the medias, it has always been told forte and clear if its immigrate s who had make a crime. On the other hand when its a local anesthetic person, it has never been told. Therefore we actually compare stereotypes with only bad things, because thats how it has been appeared in the medias and it affects us, but stereotypes are often fun.

“Dreamland” & Islan Essay Example for Free

Dreamland Islan EssayIn the book, Dreamland (Baker, 2000), the power Kevin Baker tells somewhat Coney Island and the lower eastside of new York City, where there are rough individualists, such(prenominal) as gangsters who be sick the discipline. I standardizedd the main character, Kid Twist is a European immigrant, and he comes to the rescue of an individual when a gangster, by the name of Gyp the Blood is prepared to kill a small son delivering newspapers in New York City. The sad part of the taradiddle was that this gangster wanted to kill this child for fun. It was nameless that the small male child wasnt really a boy he was a man. He was dodge the Dwarf a small midget who only dresses up like a young boy and in behind a hotel, Trick the Dwarf hides Kid Twist and that is where he discovers another character, by the name of Esther Abramowitz who is a poor seamstress. Kid Twist falls in love with this woman This story, which was pref successionbly amusing, takes sp otlight during the turn-of-the-century and creatively introduces many fascinating characters that make this story so memorable.There are women who go on strike, which fits in nice with Esther Abramowitz, who is a labor agitator and Trick even tried to entice Mad Carlotta, who was only three feet tall but he found her to be very attractive, when she give tongue to that she was the Empress of Mexico. Esther Abramowitz is rebelling against her Russian-Jewish ex-rabbi parent and she is set on the idea of being a union organizer. Esther Abramowitz seemed like a dandy leader and one that had a remarkable imagination.The author is very descriptive with words when he tells us more or less Freuds trip to America and about the Triangle Factory Fire in this history about immigration, and it was interesting to discover the hope that was available in America from many different types of personalities. The author is able to describe various traits in individuals from all sorts of backgrounds in their quest for Dreamland which is of course, The United States of America. oversized Tim Sullivan was extremely aggressive.He was the Irish-American State Senator who was a corrupt Tammany Hall boss and he seemed very tainted when he used bribes and many other undesirable ways of gaining what he wanted in ball club to rule in his position, in New York City. Lazar Abramowitz is Esthers brother and he tries to have his babys boyfriend, who is Kid Twist, murdered by a thug. In Dreamland, it seemed like a mystify to relax and fantasize, which is an amusement park in Coney Island and a place that symbolizes a better and happier place to be.Trick the Dwarf is in his favorite land, where he is free to be likened unto Romeo with his clever charm and personality, age he continually seeks out the love of a woman to cure his loneliness. Dreamland focused on many different ethnic cultures and events and talks about the Jews and the Irish in their pursuit of the all American dream, of finding wealth, success and happiness in a better land in an uncontrollable era that takes place around the year 1910.Theres a nice touch of comedy in this story that keeps it interesting, while it still is able to tell a story of tragedy. Kid Twist was rather the amusing character who is an enforcer for the gangster, Gyp the Blood and when Kid Twist leaves Gyp the Blood, his boss is hurt from a shovel that leaves him bleeding in a dark basement on the Lower eastmost Side of New York City. Kid Twist had no other choice, I guess, but to flee the area and hide away in the city of Brooklyn, New York with his friend Trick the Dwarf.I found this story to be interesting but morbid, at times. The characters made me feel sorry for them because some of them just seemed outrageously hopeless in their venture at finding the American dream. The author was successful in make me feel thankful for the American dream that I already possess and I did have to sympathize with some of the immigran ts from Ireland and other countries in this story, who lived such a rough life, while trying to gain something much in life, including power, love and money, while using murder and corruption as some of their tools.The story emitted a carnival atmosphere throughout the reading, and it was impossible to determine what new strain of character possessing some kind of personality or appearance flaw, would appear. The bowery bars and opium dens were depressing and it gave me a bad outlook of New York City in that time frame. It made New York City seem like a dreadfully dangerous place to live.The story really did come together in the end, and although I was shocked and horrendous by some of the crazy events that took place in this book, it was never boring or unclear about the meaning behind the story. The author was able to entertain me with his vivid imagination and his insight on a group of diverse people, all coming together in New York City, all looking for something that they n eeded, like Esther Abramowitz, who fell in love with a gangster and she was able to get something important from a pitiful which was someone to love her back.I feel that this story focused on many different categories, such as economic exploitation, corruption and racism in our society of a mingled mix that makes up the warming pot of our nation. I learned so much about history and Geography from this story as the author described different locations and events that took place in that era of time. I got a better view of what gangsters were like, back then, as well.It was hard to believe that so much criminal action took place in the year 1910. The author was very successful at describing the criminal underworld with the prostitution and gang activity that surrounded the area. This story did prove that people are capable of doing almost anything in able to support and it was quite clear that most wanted to do live in America, the land of hope and dreams. fictitious character Pa ge Baker, Kevin. (2000). Dreamland. Harper Perennial.

Curriculum Development Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Development shew1. What is K-12 programme? What is the rationale of K-12 syllabus? K- 12 is a designation for the sum of primary and secondary fostering. It is apply in the United States, Canada, Philippines and Australia. It means kindergarten and the twelve years of componentary and secondary education. The kindergarten refers to the 5-year old unit that takes a standardized kinder course of study. The elementary education refers to primary schooling that involves six or seven years of education and the secondary education refers to high school. The main purpose of K-12 Program is to provide sufficient time for supremacy of concepts and skills, develop lifelong square offers, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills culture, employment, and entrepreneurship.The outcome goals of the K-12 Basic Education Program is to fox Philippine education standards to be at balance with international standards, to create more emotionally vaned graduates equipped with technical and vocational skills who are better prepared for work, middle level skills development and high education, to make the educational inputs significantly addressed shortages or gaps, to make the progression of basic education outcomes broadened and reinforced the stakeholder support, to improve internal efficiency, system of governance in the department and quality of teachers. 2. Essentialists point of view of political platform development?The curriculum is a crucial component of both educational process. It addresses questions such as what students should learn and be able to do, why, how, and how well. In the past, the curriculum was designed merely from the perspective of its cultural transmission functions with its organize consequently reflecting discrete areas of knowledge. According to Kern it is possible to use a six- bill approach to curriculum development for Medical Education 1. Problem identification and world-wide needs assessme ntThe most important step is the first one, the general needs assessment (GNA). The goal of step 1 is to focus the curriculum, by delineate the deficits in knowledge, attitude, or skills that currently exist in practitioners and the ideal approach to teaching and learning these objectives. When completed, the GNA makes a strong argument for the need for the curriculum and identifies potential educational investigate questions.2. Needs assessment of targeted learnersThe general needs assessment is applied to targeted learners. What kind of doctor do we want to educate it depends mostly on social needs but it can reflect job opportunities, financial rewards and attitudes acquired during process of studding. Sometimes it is genuinely difficult to make balance between these several needs. Needs can be obtained on contrasting ways. It can be done through study of errors in practice. It is very difficult to design curriculum which will fully meet the needs of society and students3. Go als and objectivesInstitution should define overall goals and aims for the curriculum. Specific mensural knowledge, skill/ performance, attitude, and process objectives should be stated for the curriculum.4. Educational strategiesIt is necessary to make a plan how to maximise the impact of the curriculum, which content should be included, how content should be organized and with which educational methods, how elements of curriculum should communicate, what kind of educational environment and climate should be developed. Content which is included mustiness provide to student critical thinking. It must be selected and organized on the way to initiate critical approach to facts and development skill of schooling retrieval.5. ImplementationA plan for implementation, including timelines and resources required, should be created. A plan for faculty development is made to recite consistent implementation. 6. Evaluation and feedback Evaluation of curriculum presents the final stage in side cyclic process of improvement and development of curriculum. 3. Why develop a curriculum? Ever since the term curriculum was added to educators vocabularies, it has seemed to convey umpteen things to many a(prenominal) people. To some, curriculum has denoted a specific course, while to others it has meant the entire educational environment. Whereas perceptions of the term may vary, it must be recognized that curriculum encompasses more than a simple definition.Curriculum is a key element in the educational process its scope is extremely broad, and it touches virtually everyone who is involved with teaching and learning. In no other area has greater emphasis been placed upon the development of curricula that are relevant in cost of student and community needs and substantive outcomes. The career and technical and technical curriculum focuses not exactly on the educational process but also on the tangible results of that process. This is only one of many reasons why the caree r and technical and technical curriculum is distinctive in relation to other curricular areas and why career and technical education curriculum planners must have a sound arrangement of the curriculum development process. 4. What to consider in curriculum development?In planning and developing a curriculum, you should consider the following1. Convening a Curriculum Development CommitteeSuch a committee, consisting to begin with of teachers who represent the various schools and grade levels in a district, administrators, members of the public and perhaps students, becomes the driving force for curriculum change and the long-term process of implementing the curriculum. It is critical that an effective, knowledgeable and respected chairperson lead such a committee and it includes knowledgeable and committed members who gradually become the districts de facto experts during the development phases of the process as well as the implementation phases.2. Identifying Key Issues and Trends in the Specific Content Area The first step in any curriculum development process involves research that reviews recent issues and trends of the discipline, both within the district and across the nation. This research allows a curriculum committee to identify key issues and trends that will support the needs assessment that should be conducted and the philosophy that should be developed.3. Assessing Needs and IssuesCurriculum development should be viewed as a process by which meeting student needs leads to improvement of student learning. Regardless of the theory or model followed, curriculum developers should gather as much data as possible. This information should include the desired outcomes or expectations of a high quality program, the role of assessment, the current status of student achievement and actual program content. The information should also consider the concerns and attitudes of teachers, administrators, parents and students. The data should include samples of asse ssments, lessons from teachers, assignments, scores on state standardized tests, textbooks currently used, student perception and feedback from parents.

Eli Whitney Essay Example for Free

Eli Whitney EssayEli Whitney (1765-1825) was a mechanical wizard. While travelling in the s let outh, he became acquainted with the problem of removing the seeds from cotton. Enormous numbers of slaves were employed move the seeds out by hand. Eli Whitney spent a whole two weeks on this ch onlyenge and invented the cotton disunite. He patented the trick and went on to capitalize on his invention by opening a factory to gain ground cotton side drums. It ended in bankruptcy. The failure of Eli Whitney to make his fortune on the cotton gin was due primarily to the very simplicity of the design of the machine. Once the initial shipments of Whitneys cotton gin arrived on the cotton plantations of the southmost, entrepreneurial individuals pried off the top and peered inside. What they saw was eminently copiableand copy they did. The Patent Office in Washington wasnt eager to send agents into the atomic number 16 to enforce Eli Whitneys patent rights, and he couldnt obtain l egal cure in the court system, so he eventually walked away from his invention. Business students, in common with all students, are told non to copy. Copying is dishonourable and deserving of dismissal. They graduate and enter a world in which copying is endemic.A new humor is not the property of its originator be private road everyone copies in all areas of assembly line. If a firm discovers a more efficient way of doing something, it will be copied. If a firm discovers a more effective way of marketing a product, it will be copied. If a firm discovers a more efficacious way of financing its expansion, it will be copied. Copying is critical in savvy the nature of the business cycle. Copying contributes to the ups and downs of the business cycle by directing larger enthronizations into new areas than would choke if copying were not so endemic.The building of a greater number of factories than is necessary is a backwash of copying that helps to keep the good times good. (Ran dall Bartlett, 1998). On the early(a) side of the coin, copying dejection cause businesses to dedicate too much productive capacity to new products. When all the investments are completed and the have productive capacity of a thou and one copyists is brought to bear on the market, all the copyists have for their efforts are huge unsold inventories and excessive productive capacity.Then they copy one anformer(a) again by collectively slashing production to try to keep inventories in line with sales. This type of copying helps to wriggle good times into bad. One might expect that patent protection should limit copying. However, if what is organism copied is a strategy for marketing or making financial deals, there is no patent infringement because an idea cannot be patented. flat copyrights on computer software have been difficult to enforce because a weapons platform can be essentially copied by rewriting it with minor editorial changes, such as call something X that was call ed Y in the original program.Patents on products and processes are enforceable within a presumptuousness nation, but they are more difficult to enforce in the international arena. Thus, a firm can spend millions to develop a new product and find itself in the position of not being able to recoup its research and development expenditures because copies are being imported from foreign copiers that do not have to outlay the goods on the basis of recouping the initial RD expense. The globalization of manufacturing facilities and free trade has proved to be a boon for copyists.The simplicity of the cotton gin, the ease of copying it, and Whitneys sad return on his investment in his invention are of interest in understanding the role of copying in the business cycle. But the real point of this discussion is Eli Whitney on the comeback trail. Whitney obtained a government contract to make ten thousand muskets. The contract presumed that he would make the muskets in the way that all muske ts, and everything else, were made. In the bungalow industry of the day, a musket was assembled by an individual who made a barrel, a stock, a flintlock, a trigger, and the other mechanical split.As each part was made, it was filed to fit the rest of the components making up the musket. The result of this humor of production was that each particular part of a musket was unique. A flintlock made for a musket could not be removed and interchanged with the flintlock of another musket and be expected to work. The parts were not exchangeable without advertise filing because they were not uniform in design and would not fit together properly. Each musket was, in effect, tailor made to its own set of specifications. (David Burner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Virginia Bernhard, 1991).To fill his contract with the government, Eli Whitney built a factory abutting New Haven, Connecticut, in 1798, that was unique in several respects. Water-powered machines were designed to replace human effor t as much as possible. The machines were dedicated to the manufacture of the individual component parts of a specified design, rather than each part being individually handmade. In other words, Eli Whitney was substituting machine labour for manual(a) labour, thereby increasing the productivity of labour. In Whitneys factory, the parts produced were of sufficiently close tolerances to be interchangeable.Quality run was introduced to ensure that the flintlock of one musket would be interchangeable with the flintlock of another with no additional filing. Eli Whitneys harmony system had at its core the idea of manufacturing ten thousand barrels, ten thousand stocks, ten thousand flintlocks, ten thousand trigger mechanisms, ten thousand whatever, all of sufficiently close tolerances to be interchangeable without additional filing. The parts were manufactured first, and the completed musket was assembled later. Whitneys uniformity system was the forerunner of todays assembly line.Eli Whitney gave to modern nightspot the most productive means of manufacture known to mankind. There are those who can point to the fact that he did not originate the idea, that it had antecedents in Europe. That is true and bears about as much weight as the fact that Christopher Columbus was not the first European to discover America. Leif Ericsson may, or may not, have been first. Even if Ericsson was first, what does that do to take away from Columbus achievement? It was the discovery of America by Columbus that counts.The nations of join and South America owe their existence to Columbus explorations, not to Ericssons. The same holds true for Whitneys uniformity system. more than than any other individual, he popularized the idea of Adam Smiths specialization of labour. Eli Whitney vastly increased the productivity of his vary labour force by replacing tools with machines and by introducing quality control measures to ensure that the interchangeable parts were indeed interchang eable. His water-powered factory in New Haven was the progenitor of many such plants in the Union states. Daniel A. Wren, Ronald G. Greenwood, 1999).Eli Whitney affected the course of the development of the United States in two quite unintentional ways. The removal of the cotton seeds by the cotton gin rather than by a slaves fingers had a dramatic impact on the profitability of growing cotton in the South. One might conclude that the price of slaves would fall with the invention of the cotton gin because the labour required to remove the seeds from the cotton was nearly eliminated. Was there no other impact that might have turned out to be true?But the cotton gin made cotton growing much more profitable because the slaves could dedicate more of their time to pose and harvesting the cotton rather than to removing its seeds. Nothing did more to spread the growing of cotton in the South than did the cotton gin. As new areas of the South were brought under cultivation, there was a gr eater demand for slaves. The price of slaves increased, and the institution of slavery, which was actually waning at the time of the invention of the cotton gin, was given new life. The South embarked on a path of agriculture based on slave labour.In the North, just the blow occurred. Whitneys factory in New Haven was a cause of the Norths embarking on a path of industrialization, based, as some would assert, on wage-slave labour. As in the South, Eli Whitney himself had no pretensions of embarking on anything. He invented the cotton gin and move to make a buck from his invention. When that failed, he devised the uniformity system to make a buck out of a government contract. Nevertheless, the social repercussions of his contributions to technology had a significant impact on the history of the nation. (John G. Blair, 1988).

Kurt Weill And Weimar Germany Music Essay

Kurt Weill And Weimar Ger some Music EssayKurt Weill b Dessau, 2 evidence 1900 d New York, 3 April 1950 was a German composer and an American citizen from 1943. He was among the prominent composers following the forlornness of World War I, and a significant figure in the evolution of contemporary forms of harmonyal field of study. His flourish and influential work for Broadway during the 1940s was a development in comm angiotensin-converting enzymer terms of the exploratory demo works that had made him one of the world-kinsperson avant-garde theatre composers of the Weimar Republic. Weills music and the Weimar Republics influence can non be mute without understanding the governmental, historical, economic and cultural aspects of the Weimar Republic, and similarly a brief history of his life during the Weimar Republic.Kurt Weill grew up in a devout Jewish family in the quarter in Dessau, Germany, (Sandvorstadt) where his father was a cantor. By fester twelve, Kurt Weill had st arted piano lessons and it was during this time that he attempted writing music. By 1915 Weill was being privately tutored in composition, piano, music theory and conducting and with this training, in 1918 he enrolled at the Berliner Hochschule fr Musik at the age of 18, where he study composition with Engelbert Humperdinck, conducting with Rudolf Krasselt and counterpoint with Friedrich E. Koch. Due to hardships in the aftermath of WW1 he stopped his studies and during this time, he composed an orchestral suite in E-flat major, Schilflieder, a cycle of five tenors to poems by Nikolaus Lenau and a symphonic poem of Rilkes The point of the Love and Death of Cornet Christopher Rilke as well as. From 1921 -1923 Weill returned to Berlin to study with Ferruccio Busoni, and on November 18, 1922, his pantomime for children start Zaubernacht (The misrepresentation Night) premiered at the Theater am Kurfrstendamm it was the first public concert of any of Weills works in tuneful theater theatre.While Weill was studying music a period of semipolitical, economic and social turbulence was occurring. Following Germanys overtake in the First World War and the abdication of the Kaiser, a democratic republic was forced on the German people by US president Woodrow Wilson and his fourteen points. The new government had the responsibility of sign the treaty of Versailles and the new government would always be accountable for all the issues that Germany faced, which when the aftermath of the war spend would be many. Backed by the legend of dolchstoss (stab-in-the-back) the German people hated the Weimar government and attributed all their troubles to the republic. Hyper-inflation, reparations, way out of the Rhineland, dependence on foreign loans and pressure from extreme right and left wing political parties were find aspects of the turbulence experience in the Weimar Republic, but above all was the treaty of Versailles. It is this treaty that has multiple historians, Bessel (1990), W.Conze (1954), K.Borchardt (1982), theorising that the Weimar political system was doomed to failure because of its association with the treaty and the knowledge that signing it was a betrayal of the German people and their values.While Weimar Germany was politically and economically unstable, Weimar culture (the aspect that Kurt Weill was directly involved with), was one of the almost progressive and vibrant in the world during the years of 1919 to 1933. The republic was considered by the majority of Europe as a place of greater sexual liberty and acceptance. In particular, Berlin, became a thriving centre of many new art movements such as expressionism. Its status in the world of the arts was of the same if not greater importance so New York after 1945.Cultural freedom in Weimar was not widely accepted by all. To the right, the new Weimar culture was repugnant, immoral and self-indulgent and produced and image of Weimar that encouraged new political and social thinking. The abundance of composers and performers that were associated with the communist party, which had become a fashionable aspect of intellectual Europe, violated handed-down aspects of German culture, (this would later be restored during the Nazi regime with the introduction of censorship of composers like Kurt Weill). In the post-war Weimar Republic, a more realistic view of art was obtained, which influenced a cle arr sense of the artists social/moral abilities. The war had killed aestheticism and the musical world had already been stripped to its foundations, Weimar did not need traditional music. Kurt Weill provides an insight into this view,I have scantily bided to you music by Wagner and his followers. You have seen that this music consists of so many notes that I was unable to defend them all. You would have liked now and then to join singing the tune, but this proved impossible. You also admit that the music made you sleepy, and drunk, as alcohol or an intoxicat ing drug might have done. You do not wish to go to sleep. You wish to hear music that can be understood without explanation. You believably wonder why your parents attend concerts. It is, with them, a mere matter of habit nowadays there are matters of greater interest to us all and if music cannot serve the interest of all, its existence is not drawn-out justified.Despite the social freedom, the noticeable representation of Jews in the new artistic movements of Weimar raised this hostility. As an wishful musician Kurt Weill rapidly became a feature in the ener rushic artistic scene of 1920s Berlin. In 1922 he joined the Novembergruppe, a group of left-wing Berlin artists that included Hanns Eisler and Stefan Wolpe. They mainly performed the works of modernist composers like Berg, Schoenberg,Hindemith, Stravinsky and Krenek. He had some early successes, but it was his partnership with Brecht that changed Weill into an international sensation.Weimar is truly represented in Die Drei groschenoper or The Threepenny Opera which debuted on 31 August 1928 at Berlins Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The 1928 play is an version of the original English Eighteenth-century play, The Beggars Opera written by John Gay. Brechts and Weill had heard of the English play, and thought it was something that could be adapted for the people of Weimar. They found character in its promising political themes so they had The Beggars Opera translated into German for them. With newly discovered Marxist theory in mind, another aspect of Weimars extreme political spectrum, Brecht and Weill then rewrote the play, creating what was to become the the hit of the season.The new German title was an allusion to the meagre tot up of wealth with which the working class could use to see theatrical performances. This epic theatre style was performed in the round, evocative surroundings of Shakespeares ground Theatre with its style also aimed at its working class audience. The name references not only the outlay of admission, thus the economic status of the Weimar Republic, but is also alludes to the political issues of capitalism national socialism and the working class on which the play itself is based.It was ironic that while Brecht attempted to make a social definition on the evils of capitalism, the musical score composed by Weill became an immediate success across Germany. Its jazzy features and crispy satire were fuel enough the make it provoke love among the Weimar jazz fans of the day and Weimars obscesion with America. The character Mackie Messe is the anti-protagonist of the play and only one of the countless colourful performances of Brechts original play. However, Weills original score did not include this fashionable jazz hit until only a few days before opening night. The actor execute Mackie Messe refused to go on unless his character received an appropriate introduction for his character. It was in haste that the lyrics to the introductory song describing Ma ckies despicable crimes was penned. (theatre and Art, 2010)The Mahagonny opera is most probably to the best-known of Weills works from the Weimar period, its historical affect defines, alongside that of Die Dreigroschenoper, as the most frequently performed works of musical theatre of the Weimar Period. Here Weill alluded to a large amount of found-art, from broadside ballads and parlour melodies to operatic recitative and ensemble-finales. The song forms, for which the work has become rightly renowned, are simply one aspect of the score whose strength lies in the stylistic levels as much on its cautiously selected physical body of the emotional and the sarcastic alusions. Weills handling of the band was immediately recognized as definitive for jazz instrumentality in art music, and his use of harmonizations came to be a feature not only with his own uncomparable voice but with the Weimar jazz age as a whole.Weill had become the most recognised theatre composer to have emerged in the Weimar Republic. This fact, regardless of his Jewish ancestry and leftist political standings, was inevitable that they would become force out targets when the Weimar Republic started to collapse in 1929. The unruly premire of Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny in Leipzig in 1930 was the lead up to a determined movement to drive his works from the state-subsidized theatres. By the start of the 1932-1933 season this campaign had more often than not achieved its ends despite the critical and public acclaim for his opera Die Brgschaft (1930-32), the most ambitious of his pieces for the German stage, the work was shunned by most theatres. The enthusiastic reception given to a concert of his music at the Salle Gaveau in Paris (December 1932) confirmed his feeling that he should do more to promote his works right(prenominal) Germany. (Kurt Weill, 2010)Like the majority of the Jewish artistic population, Weill continually misapprehended various political developments, believing that Weimar could not get worse and would only get better. Upon learning that he and his wife were officially on the Nazi blacklist, at which stage the Nazis had gained power, and were due to be arrested, so in March 1933 he crossed the border to France, salve hoping that his stay in Paris would be temporary. It is clear that Kurt Weill was influenced by the social, economic and political characteristics of the Weimar Republic. Like so many artists, director and composers he was affected by the political and economic instability of the Republic and in response used his music to comment on social change. His major works, particularly Die Dreigroschenoper (the tuppeny opera) were popular during Weimar (until the Nazi regime) because they represented and were influence by the society and politics of Weimar Germany.

Towards Self Reliance In Defence Research Economics Essay

Towards ego Reliance In defensive structure Research Economics EssayThe idea of egotism-importance-reliance is important even immediately. However, effrontery does non imply pursuing a indemnity of autarky. It does not mean cutting ourselves away from the world. liberty in the modern world implies the ability to pursue anes interests with self-confidence and faith in angiotensin-converting enzymes let capabilities. We do not apply to pursue self-reliance by doing everything ourselves. We after part, indeed, pursue greater self-reliance by creating inter-relationships of inter-dep balanceence that enhance our negociate power. Greater interaction with the world can in fact enhance a nations self-reliance by creating a web of mutu totallyy beneficial inter-relationships.1 Dr Manmohan SinghBuy Indian and Make Indian is going to be the major comp peerlessnt of our procural policy. That will back up us to do a salubrious demurrer industrial base in India.2-A.K. Antony, D efence MinisterIntroduction1. The blossoming Indian economy is desist pacing into the 21st century with the potential of being an economic superpower. Spurred by economic re miscellaneas and the impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation, India, is really on the verge of carving its own niche in the world.2. An economic superpower must in alike(p) manner be a legions super power, in terms of Military ability and strength. There should as nearly be a dependable and reliable endemical vindication industrial base. A surface ara which is self reliant and independent in its military requirements, and then, also has approach path to expertly advanced capability can truly be termed as military superpower. The establishment of a well developed defensive structure industrial base is of primitive importance to whatsoever emerging super power. Focus should be on capability phylogeny followed by numeral egress, not the other way round. A clear to a abase plac estanding and acknowledgement of the requirements and needs of the fortify forces and ensuring that the requirements are met within the stipulated quantify, in a cost effective manner, should be the primary goal of any disproof industrial base and the determinant of its success.Indias Defence industrial Base. A historic perspective3. Pre Independence. The pre-independence defending team-industrial infrastructure in India consisted of 18 Ordnance Factories (OFs)3, popularly catering to repair and overhaul as well as to supplement weapons and equipment produced in Britain. During this period India was never allowed to develop core competencies in industrial diddle.4. Post Independence. Since independence the Indian leadership aimed at light uponing self-sufficiency in entire domain of vindication output and to achieve this Indias industrial policies4emphasized core industries (including falsification arena) to be taken care of by the central government and others by the acress. As a impression eight Defence Public empyrean Units (DPSUs) infra exclusive control of the government were devoted to increaseion of different military systems and components. Defence accomplishment Organisation (DSO) was established at that time to take up challenges of undertaking RD activities. DRDO was formed in 1958 from the uniting of the then already functioning developmental establishments with the DSO. DRDO then comprised of 10 establishments or laboratories which has now grown into a network of over 50 laboratories through and throughout India5.5. Post 1962 war License production, direct purchase and acquirements remained the preponderating form of supply for the Indian defence force forces. This resulted in a gap of nearly three decades in Indias effort toward autochthonal production which was especially evident in the fields of design and development, which constitutes the upper spectrum of self reliance. A fighter aircraft between Marut and the Light C ombat Aircraft (LCA), a basic trainer aircraft between HT-2 and HPT- 32, an mediocre trainer between Kiran and an yet-to-be experty developed Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) are some of the examples that intend two the engineering and production gaps6.6. Trends in 1980s and 1990s. This was the period when Cold War came to an end and globose defence expenditure rose to an all time high in 1987 and then fell shrewdly during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Also, there was a rise in low intensity conflicts lawlessness, crimes and act of terrorism was spreading manifold. This was also the time countries were opening up their economies and the globalization era commenced. This period was the starting put of major defence acquisitions from abroad coupled with major initiatives in innate defence production, including RD activities. The clear production of Jaguars and MiG- 27M was condensen by HAL7. Also endemical development of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Advanced Light Helicopter (A LH) and important fighting Tank(MBT) Arjun were speeded up by DRDO. achievement of missiles developed under Integrated Guided Missile growing Programme (IGMDP), through Bharat dynamics Limited (BDL) commenced. Hence, during this period India had been able to initiate a number of projects for indigenous development. However, fructification of these projects was accompanied by inordinate delays and technological gaps.7. The mainstay of armed forces was met through substantial arms acquisition from abroad principally due to slow progress in our indigenous design and development activities as also the inability to keep pace with the global state-of-art technologies in the defence sedulousness. With the change in surround after nuclear explosions by India and Pakistan and the Kargil conflict, the country had to give a re-look to its defence strategy including its objective of achieving self-reliance in defence industry.8. Defence Industry in 21st Century Soon after the slackening of the economy, the defence industry started realizing the importance of civil military interaction in the industrial vault of heaven to attain near self-reliance. Coupled with changes at institutional and organizational levels as recommended by the Group of Ministers Committee key out on Reforming the National Security System, is the most important policy shift in the defence-industrial empyrean allowing deoxycytidine monophosphate% private sector alliance and 26% by Foreign get Investment (FDI)8. Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has been instrumental in influencing such(prenominal) a marked change in policy. While these far-reaching institutional and policy-oriented changes have been underway for quite some time, the demand for private corporation has assumed significance in late(a) years.Trends in Global Defence Industry9. The global defence industry has undergone profound changes in late years. The massive military build up by many countries during the Cold War e ra fuelled greater demand for military weapons and systems. However, immediate post Cold War period witnessed the inverse trend in demand for military weapons and systems resulting in reduction in budgetary allocation in the defence sector. This resulted in many smaller companies either to merge with big ones or to shift their priorities towards civilian production, thus deviation the defence sector. Mergers and acquisitions during this period resulted in creation of a few giant companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, British Aerospace, Northrop Grumman, EADS and others. The military expenditure again witnessed upward trend since 1999 and this is likely to continue in future9. As procurement budgets have started to swell again and are likely to stay that way, juvenile opportunities are expected for the defence industry. In the changing conflict scenario, there has been an upward trend in the LIC, insurgency, terrorism, OOAC etc as a result of which the global defence industry aft er a period of significant downsizing and rationalization has entered into a phase of renewed attention.Indias Defence Industry.10. Post Cold War era, the changing trends in the global defence industry had affected Indian defence industry in many ways. The era of economic easiness since 1991 has resulted in indigenous build-up of technological base in the IT, communication, electronics, automobile sectors etc. Since, all acquisitions in the knightly and process upto mid 90s were either outright purchase or linked with license production, what best the DPSUs or the OFs could gain was expertise in production which was entirely dependent on the assemblies and Semi knock stilt Kits (SKD) or sub assemblies imported from the Original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The real engineering science transfer aimed at enhancing the indigenous development was missing in all the deals cover under License Production and Transfer of engine room (TOT). However, the most far reaching change that h as impacted the Indias defence industrial sector is the opening up of this sector for private participation. The objectives are manifold viz., reduction of defence imports from current levels of 70 per centum, increase in defence exports, enhance the indigenous RD skill level and infrastructure to produce technologically advanced state of the art equipment within the time frames specified. Coupled with the economic liberalization and opening up of the defence sector to private companies was linked the problem of licensing and requirement of contradictory direct investment in the defence sector. In January 2001, the GOI initiated a series of major initiatives that included Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to about 26 percent and full private participation in certain sectors in the defence industry.Shift from Self Sufficiency to Self-Reliance11. Since independence the Indias industrial policies outlined in Industry Policy Resolution of 1948 and 1951 was aimed at achieving self suf ficiency in defence production. Towards this the government invested heavily in scientific and technological institutions both educational-such as the IITs, and research and development institutes such as the CSIR, ICAR, DAE, DoS, ICMR, DRDO so as to develop a strong technological base. However, the countrys defence was neglected, as was evident in 1962 war. With a weak Defence-Industrial Base (DIB), the policies to maximize production in order to attain self-sufficiency in the defence sector although were considered farsighted, did not match expectations, thus leading to shift of focus from self-sufficiency model to self reliance model post 1962 war.12. Self-reliance in its true sense does not preclude accessing external sources for technology and systems, or external help in any stage of the production cycle. Hence, self-reliance as far as India was concerned, meant apart from Indias own production base for support a degree of dependence on reliable foreign sources for access to technologies, supply of components and complete systems was desirable. These were materialized by meeting urgent and immediate demands through imports form abroad succession simultaneously striving for indigenous capabilities in defence production. Although Indias main focus on imports was from western countries like UK, France, Sweden these countries were reluctant in supplying defence equipment to India post 1962 war with China. Indias quest for self reliance got a major boost when Russia (erstwhile USSR) agreed to Licence production by India for various defence equipment acquired by India form Russia. These Licence production of aircraft, battle armored combat vehicle, arms and ammunition were undertaken by various DPSUs as well as OFs. However, the only thing that lost its focus in the bargain was the transfer of technology aimed at enhancing indigenous production and RD activities. The outcome of this is obvious, as witnessed in the LCA program, MBT Arjun, aero engine Kaveri to name a few. In spite of having produced aircraft, tanks and aero engines under license production the organizations touch on in the production could hardly assimilate and nurture the technology need to supplement our own indigenous efforts. Probably the focus of these organizations was more towards production rather than indigenization.Defence Industrial Policy13. The defence industrial policy was aimed at establishing a strong and self sufficient defence industrial base (DIB). The objective was to have thrust in indigenous production and exploring possibilities of exports to other maturation nations that may look forward to supplies from India.14. In spite of being more focused to numeral growth or production than on the capability development (RD), India has made rapid strides in defence technology in upstart ultimo and reached a stage of some level of self-reliance. The existing potential of the country in defence production, in the form of resource capability, know-how and technical expertise, could not be exploited to its full due to lack of clear cut defence policy. However, since liberalization of the economy in 1991 there has been change magnitude civil military interaction. The changes in the defence production policy indicates the intention to involve the private sector in defence RD and production through licensing and indirect opening of the defence industrial sector to foreign companies through FDI and the offset arrangement. Our defence industrial policy10since independence broadly consists of the following-Maximization of indigenous production.Licence production of those equipments which are available and can be obtained from abroad.Direct procurement of those equipments not covered above, but considered essential for ensuring the security.Indigeneous Production15. To promote indigenous production 8 DPSUs and 40 OFs were established. Also DRDO comprising of a network of 50 labs was formed to undertake RD in the field of defence weapons , systems and equipment.Ordnance factories. At the end of the WW2 Indias defence industrial capacity amounted to 18 ordnance factories, a clothing establishment, and an aircraft production plant and the new government subsequently inherited this capability. Post independence this continued till 1958 after which the ordnance factories were steady expanded. The war against China in 1962 prompted a further expansion in Indias ordnance capability and today the country has 39 ordnance factories. They were reinforced to meet the growing needs of Indias armed forces over the past 60 years.The Indian Ordnance Factories Organisation (OFO) is currently the largest departmentally run industrial undertaking in the country. The 39 OFs are government units producing armaments under five categories11Ammunition and explosivesWeaponsVehicles and equipmentArmoured vehicles andOrdnance equipment (other military supplies, including general stores).Defence Public Sector Undertakings. The eight defence p ublic sector undertakings (DPSUs) are public-sector corporations managed by the Indian government. The defence PSUs produces a range of defence equipment. They also provide overhaul and maintenance facilities. They areBharat Dynamics Ltd. BDLwas established in the year 1970 to be a manufacturing base for guided weapon systems12.Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. BEML is one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers of earthmoving, construction and mining equipment in Asia13.Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) was established in 1954 to meet the specialised electronic needs of the Indian defence services14.Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. HAL is a major player in the global aviation arena. It has built up comprehensive skills in design, manufacture and overhaul of fighters, trainers, helicopters, transport aircraft, engines, avionics and system equipment15.Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd. (GRSE) is one ofIndias leadingshipyards that builds and repairs a enormous range of vessels fromwarships for theIndian Navytomerchant shippingvessels16.Goa Shipyard Ltd. GSL is a shipyard that is one of the most sophisticated ship builders in the Country. For over four decades, GSL has designed, built and commissioned a wide range of sophisticated vessels for varied applications in the defence and commercial sectors with special expertise in mental synthesis modern patrol vessels of Steel and Aluminium hull structure17.Mazagon Dock Ltd. Mazagon Dock Limited is the Indias prime minister shipyard constructing warships as well as offshore platforms. It undertakes ship building, ship repairs and fabrication of offshore structures with facilities situated at Mumbai and Nhava18.Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd. MIDHANI caters to domestic and international customers with modern metallurgical facilities and high degree of technical competence for manufacturing its diverse product mix of superalloys, titanium alloys, special purpose steels, electrical resistance softmagnetic alloys, molybedenum and ot her alloys meeting the stringent requirements of the strategical sectors like defence, aerospace, power and general engineering etc19.Defence Research increase Organisation (DRDO). India also has a defence research and development (RD) capability. Called DRDO. DRDO draws on the work of 51 laboratories/establishments across the country, and (in theory at least) has destruction links with the eight PSUs. It also co-operates with 70 academic research institutions, 50 national science and technology centres, and some companies in the private sector.License Production16. Post independence Indias quest for self-reliance got a major boost through license production arrangement with USSR. This immensely eudaimoniaed defence industry as it improved many notable weapon systems from this experience. Indias self-reliance model in defence production was idea to have given a life lease by the Soviets. The normal assumption is that production under license would enable the country not only t o acquire the capability to produce a finical equipment or product but also help it gain the technical know-how for subsequent upgradation and further technological innovations. For the last fifty-odd years, India has been producing a number of defence equipment under license. Good examples in this regard are the Vijayanta tank and the MIG series of fighter aircraft20. But this does not seem to have helped in the development of the Arjun Main Battle Tank and the Light Combat Aircraft. Moreover, India has not even been able to climbcertain fighter aircraft held and operated for a long time by its armed forces.Direct procurement17. To meet the immediate requirement of the armed forces, outright purchase of the systems/ equipment is resorted to. This may be from abroad or for indigenous companies. The objective of the defence policy aims at maximizing indigenous production what could not be produced indigenously should be produced under license arrangement and those that could not be obtained through these two routes should be acquired by direct purchase.Emerging Defence Production Policies in 21st CentruyTransparency in Defence Procurement18. Since independence and almost till late 90s only a select few companies got the Request for Proposals (RFPs) with secrecy being maintained in the procurement process. With the introduction of Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) the government has strengthened its commitment to transparency in the procurement process and to removing the veil of secrecy surrounding it. The case in point is the procurement of MMRCA. The deals of recent times are open deals with no more veil of secrecy in the RFP. The details of the RFP are made available to all industry representatives by placing the tenders on the net, except in the most affectionate cases, which may be minuscule in number. Ensuring transparency in the procurement process has also resulted in widening the vendor base.Defence Procurement Procedure19. Defence Procurement Pro cedure 2008 is presently being followed. This was issued after DP-2006 was revised along with the Fast Track Procedure 2001 and the Procedure for Indigenous Warship Building. In addition, most importantly, a procedure for the development of systems based on indigenous research and design, categorized as MAKE, has now been formulated. This bridges a critical gap that existed hitherto, and would provide the requisite framework for increased participation of Indian industry in the defence sector.Some of the important features of Defence Procurement Procedure includes cut back the timeframe for acquisitions.Enhanced transparency by placing the generic requirements of the Services on MOD website and generating vendor registration through Internet.Increased transparency in the conduct of field trials.Integrity Pact made compulsory for all contracts above Rs. 100 crores.An Offset obligation of 30% for all contracts above Rs. 300 crores. However, there have been indications of companies t rying to dilute this clause.FDI in Defence Production20. To boost up the indigenous production in the defence sector, the government in 2001 had opened up the defence sector by permitting 100 percent private participation in defence production and also 26 percent Foreign Direct Investment of the host companys equity. However, the only glitch in the whole process was the requirement of obtaining a license from the defence ministry by the private firms to produce military hardware. However, there is a need to increase FDI congeal from the current 26 per cent which would facilitate access to desired niche technology and processes.De licensing of Defence Production21. DPP-2008 did away with the license requirement for industries for manufacturing military hardware, thereby creating a level playing field with the defence public sector undertakings. Considered to be a revolutionary DPP, the de licensing will enable the private industries to skillfully charter the available expertise to take up production of military hardware. This will definitely boost up the efforts of indigenization in defence technology.Raksha Udyog Ratnas22. Effective participation by the Industry, both public and private, at various points of interaction and subsequent long-term association in product development and productionisation, can be only make through those firms of proven excellence and which are capable of contributing, depending on their technical, managerial and financial strength. These firms called as Raksha Udyog Ratnas (RUR) would be the key drivers towards raising indigenous defence technological base and world-class manufacturing capabilities in India.R D in Military Aviation Sector23. Aviation is one of the most significant technological influences of our time and empowers the nation with strength. It is a major tool for economic development and has a significant fibre in National security andinternationalrelations.24. Various military, DPSUs and private companies have been associated in the R D activities, bundle and systems development and systems integration on civil, fighter aircraft and helicopters. These are Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Aircraft Upgrade Research and Development Centre (AURDC), HAL, Mission calculation System Research and Development Centre (MCSRDC) HAL, and Software Development Institute (SDI). DARE played a pivotal role in evolving the avionics architecture of Mig 27 upgrade, developed the Core Avionics computing device (CAC), mission information processing system packet for CAC, display suite software of SU 30 MKI and the hardware and operating system of Radar Computer of SU 30 MKI. SDI based at Bangalore has been actively involved in the indigenous upgrades of SU 30 MKI as well as development of various mission planning systems and weapon algorithms employed in Mig 27 upgrade. AURDC has been involved in the Bison upgrade, Mig 27 upgrade and various indigenous upgrades of SU 30 MKI aircraft. MCSRDC has played a vital role in the software development and integration of avionics systems in the Jaguar (Darin II) aircraft. It is also involved in the upgrade of Jaguar to Darin III standards.Joint Ventures25. India has an inherent edge over several other nations because of higher skills and lower costs of production. This makes India an ideal contender for joint ventures. HAL has entered into joint ventures with many overseas aviation system companies to undertake design and development of new systems in India. Some of these are the BaeHAL, HAL Edgewood, HELBIT etc. Many other software and hardware giants involved in the aviation hardware and software development especially in the enter and real time system domain have also established their facilities in Bangalore. Some of these are GE Intelligent Systems, Honeywell, etc.26. Given their rapid growth over the last decade, it is perhaps no surprise that Indian software companies such as HCL, Infosys, Infotech, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro have been active in the aerospace industry for several years. Increasingly, they are benefiting from the engineering services outsourcing programmes. This will help India evolve from IT and low-end business process outsourcing work to high-end design services. Overseas companies view the Indian companies as long-term partners and not as mere suppliers/vendors. hole-and-corner(a) Participation27. EADSs helicopter subsidiary Eurocopter has had one of the longest partnerships with Indian industry. Since 1962, it has worked with HAL in India to manufacture more than 600 Alouette 3 and Lama (known as Cheetah and Chetak locally) helicopters. HAL also produces airframes for the Ecureuil/Fennec family of rotorcraft. The European firm also plans to set up pilot lamp training facilities in India for the civil and military segments and plans to invest 7-8 billion ($9.5-11 billion) over the next 10 years. Tata has entered into JV with AgustaWestland to assemble the AW119 in India.28. Honeywell Aerospace, which provides integrated avionics, engines, systems and service products for the aerospace industry, is one example. The US company has a design and development centre in India that it hopes to expand in the coming years. Airbus has set up the Airbus Engineering Centre India in Bangalore where local engineers help develop capabilities in modelling and simulation, covering areas such as flight focusing systems and aerodynamics, to help in the design and production of aircraft such as the A380 and the A350. It is also working with Indian IT firms such as CADES, HCL, Infosys, Quest and Satyam to offer support across various aircraft programmes.Conclusion29. Indias defence-industrial strategy is directed primarily toward achieving self-reliance. Presently, there is a clear imbalance in requirements by the armed forces. While roughly 70 percent of requirements are met through arms imports, the domestic sources supply the rest. The current strategy is geared to reverse this trend with the primary aim of supplying three-fourth of the requirements through domestic sources. Indias decision to allow private participation in the defence-industrial sector is seen as a dual aim, namely to achieve much-needed capital and production sweetener and, secondly, to open up to the external market through their presence. There is also an effort to adopt fit strategies to make select sectors like aerospace and electronics globally competitive. DPSUs like HAL and BEL are now much in demand and are trying to become viable global giants.30. The overall strategy is to make the defence-industrial sector act as a locomotive for economic development. In this regard, an emphasis on dual-use technologies and production is contemplated which could benefit both the defence and civilian sector. The current strategy also looks into various options toward minimising the state investm ents in the defence sector while encouraging private and foreign portfolio investment in existing Indian defence companies. If recent changes in various policies related to the defence industry are supposed to have any meaning, then, despite all problems, there is something to be optimistic about in the Indian defence industry.