Introduction To Communalism In India

Introduction To Communalism In IndiaCommunalism is a pervasive phenomenon in the public life of India and mutual riots argon the ugliest ex crunchion (Krishna, 1985). Communal riots dedicate become an integral billet of commonism in India. An event can be classified as a communal riot on twain grounds. Firstly, if there is force play. Secondly, if dickens or to a greater extent commun exclusivelyy identified groups bear distributively other or the members of the other group, at some full stop during the violence (Varshney, 2002). The reason behind such communal riots can be superficial and trivial though deep within there atomic number 18 semi policy-making reasons behind such events (Varshney, 2002). India is non new to communal riots the primary recorded riots were in the year 1714, 1715, 1716 and 1750 in Ahmedabad (Rajeshwari, 2004). Bipin Chandra in his obtain Communalism in Modern India writes that the maximum communal riots in India took place during 1923-26. Communal riots in India be not spontaneous and argon rargonly due to any(prenominal) religious animosity. They usu al geniusy arise due to differenceing political interests, which argon often linked to economic interests (Rajeshwari, 2004). During the 1960s till the late 1980s, the local anaesthetic anaesthetic political and economic factors melt downed a significant design in instigating the riots in major parts of India (Engineer, 2002). Howalways, since then the emergence of Hindtuva politics, it has been the major incur of communal riots (Engineer, 2002).The role of give-and- call for media in report cardage of communal riots in India is a major landing field of concern. Everything is reported in the media, so are communal riots. The role of the watchword media has grown in recent years, by chance be shell of the rudimentaryity of the news media in communal violence and conflicts (Wolfsfeld, 2007). Even the intimately periodic of observers wont deny the increa sing significance of news media beneath such crisis situations. The influence of the news media in quietness processes is more subtle, in part because what is not reported in the media is in some ways more important than what is reported.This paper would look at the way Indian media cover and reported the two bonnie ab kayoed dread(a) incidents of communal violence in India the 1984 Sikh riots in New Delhi and the 2002 Gujarat (Godhra) riots. On both occasions the media move criticisms. The paper would discuss if the media has been objective in covering both riots and excessively as to what should be medias role in insurance reportage of such afterlife communal riots in India, if any.The Changing Face of News MediaThe global media domain of a function is changing with each passing second. New communications technologies such as camera enab pencil lead r come to the foreile phones and laptop computers are adult journalists an opportunity to come across and disseminate information with normal ease. This digitization of the news industry has led to compression of time and space and thus enabled us to see news and fancys of conflicts as and when they happen. The images broadcasted in our living rooms are not and informing the global audience of the horrific happenings just now might to a fault instigate further violence in an existing violent situation. As a event, the medias reporting of a conflict situation has become as central to the unfolding of the conflict itself. With the evolution in technology the totalitarianism of distance might put one across reduced but heterogeneous unfathomed realities and factors still affect the reporting of conflicts. This is proved by a believe through with(p) by Virgil Hawkings, who explains that the conflict in Africa which has been in the post-Cold war creative activity responsible for nearly 90% of the cosmoss war terminals suffered a get by media black egress. Similarly, the reporting of the smokeive war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which resulted in over one cardinal deaths in the year 2000, was to the highest degree insignificant (Hawkins, 2008).Since the media has a powerful ability to reach large number of demesne. It ignites the effect building process and impacts the political decisions and audience answers in the night club. This eventually shapes the physical body of prevalent crises and conflicts (Ballantine, 2003).The Media, Religion and PoliticsWith the planes hitting the Twin Towers on 11 September, 2001 the relationship in the midst of media and religious belief changed forever. Karim (2003) suggested that religion would become an important proposition for the media and the way media covers events would be influenced by the religious undertones. It is arguable if the world and its religions have changed or not, but the media coverage of the same surely has.Within India, religion has a large impact on the personal lives of milli ons of quite a little. The country practices almost every other religion k straightwayn to the world and this is one of the most important facets of the country, so is politics. The politicians play on the religious issues every now and then, and media is used as the platform. The politicians communicate with the common mass through the mass media. The way in which we know and come up ab bulge out our politicians is through the media. It is the media that serves as the main transfer of communication between the politicians and the public. Religion is one of the subjects in India which the politicians intelligently use to their advantage.Academic literature has covered the representation of conflict in religion as healthful as media and religion but not a good deal has been researched on media, religion and conflict situations in mount with each other, e finickyly within an environment like India. It would be grueling-fought to under single-foot the relationship between relig ion, its construction, presentation and conflict situations covered in the media, without some reference to the broader political context within which it pull in ones hornss place, because in a land like India, religion is certainly driven by political motives. In order to understand the role media plays and should play during communal clashes in India, let us analyze the two worst communal riots India has ever seen the 1984 Sikh riots and the 2002 Gujarat riots.The 1984 Sikh Riots in New Delhi4.1 The EventsOn 31st of October 1984, the Indian Prime see, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards. What followed was a complete mayhem and it led to a lethal anti-Sikh riots in India. Sikh homes were consistently singled out in the capital and brutally destroyed (Tatla, 2006). The Sikhs were hounded, tyres were put near their neck, and petrol doused on their faces and bodies set ablaze to brutal death (Mohanka, 2005). more(prenominal) than 3,000 Sikhs were shovel ined in New Delhi itself. Two hundred Gurudwaras, the place where Sikhs worship, were burnt put through and many Sikh owned shops were looted. 1The situation worsened when the pertly elected Prime government minister Rajiv Gandhi, the son of Indira Gandhi was quoted, When a big steer falls, the ground beneath is sure to rumble. This gave a sense as if Rajiv Gandhi was giving a boost to the killers who were assassinating hundreds of Sikhs in the streets of New Delhi (Mohanka, 2005).Mrs. Gandhis assassinators were avenging Operation Bluestar. In the June of 1984, Mrs. Gandhi, cute to flush out a some(prenominal) terrorists, led by Jamail Singh Bhindranwale, who were hiding in the precincts of the Golden tabernacle, the holiest enshrine for Sikhs in India. On the 3rd of June, 1984 a 36 hour curfew was imposed in the Sikh dominated commonwealth of Punjab. each methods of communication and travel were suspended. Electricity supplies were interrupted, a total black out was crea ted and Punjab was cut off from India and rest of the world (Brar, 1992).On the night of fifth of June, the Indian Army under the command of Major Gen. Kuldeep Singh Brar stormed into the Golden Temple. By the morning of the 7th of June the Indian Army had full control of the temple. The hawkish leaders were killed in the two day battle but on with it a large number of pilgrims, civilians and children were overly killed (Ahmed, 1996).The Sikh lodge were agitated. Their holiest shrine was turned into a bloody battlefield and innocent lives were lost. Saran Singh, a retired bureaucrat and a famous member of the Sikh fellowship in India quotes It was desecration to send troops inside, open fire and in the process kill innocent devotees gathered to observe the martyrdom (Mohanka, 2005).From June to September 1984 most members of the Sikh community nursed a festering wound alone to jabber out in Indira Gandhis assassination.4.2 The Indian Medias coverage of Operation Bluestar and the Sikh RiotsMedia by its spirit plays an extremely important role for any socio-political situation regardless of the boundary it holds (Mohanka, 2005). The medias role in the riots of 1984 is an interesting case. Scholars believe that media can play a role in focussing on a cause much in advance it takes an ugly turn. In the case of Punjab in 1984, the local media was not supportive of the Sikh causes. Moreover, since of beginning of the problems in Punjab, the regimen had a strict control on the media and imposed a heavy censorship. Since emancipation until the invasion of cable picture in India, the electronic media has served as the backtalk of the disposal (Das, 2009). Similar was the role of the electronic media in Punjab during the riots. The Government had such tight control over the media that the exotic correspondents trying to capture the horrific events were not even allowed in the local land. The Indian Government acted as a strict visible gatekeeper and mad e it impossible to extol journalist visas for foreign correspondents. The events of the 1984 riots thus suffered not only from biased media coverage but also selective coverage which projected one sided selected panorama (Das, 2009). The media blackout during the Operation Bluestar is a prime slip of the same.The day before the actual invasion by the Indian Army, the Government ordered all press out of the state and restricted press coverage in Punjab. The press was allowed only a week later on special organised guided tours. The aftermath was later described by the press, as involving a diminished gang of criminals disliked by the mass of Sikhs and Indians. The press described the militants as petty political agitators, rather than leaders of a movement for a greater Punjab autonomy, as believed by a majority of Sikhs. Similarly, during the reportage of the 1984 riots there were discrepancy between the press release of data and images and the actual severity of the violent si tuation that prevailed in the streets of New Delhi (Das, 2009). This exercise of selective information in the Indian media only contributed to the ambiguous image of Sikhs throughout the nation and failed to bring out their plight in the light. During the Sikh Movement the Government of India had passed the National Security Act (1980), the Punjab Disturbed Areas decree (1983), The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1983) and the Terrorists Affected Areas (Special Courts Act of 1984). These acts provided the police and array with sweeping powers. They could charge and curtail to the right to life under circumstantial situations. The advent of the media during the crisis had been partisan to take into account all types of multidimensional problem, historical, political, socio-economic and ideological. The media only focussed on special restricted information and ignored a careful examination of all the issues and processes that had led to the mayhem, the riots. During 1984, Indian leaders were gratis(p) to make up non-existent stories and broadcast through Government controlled radio and video recording system channels. Since there was a major restriction on the foreign press, all foreign news correspondents were left with no choice but to take the twister news of the local government controlled media.The United States of America, The House of Representatives had a plenty point on the same. It saidAs a result the outside world receives a biased one side view of what goes on in Punjab because the Indian Government has control over most of the domestic media. This contributes to the stereotype that all Sikhs are extremist radicals who are terrorising the predominantly Hindi nation and that is just not the fact. If the Indian Government has cipher to hide it should remove the news blackout and permit outsiders into Punjab. The free come of information is essential to the prevention of rights and liberties in a democratic society and India claims to be t he worlds largest democracy. So, they should act as the worlds largest democracy. This is the anchoration for a democratic nation and is not too much to ask of India to respect the rights of all its people and not just the Hindi majority. It is not right for any government to deny 16 million of its own people the basic political and civil rights. India has a moral obligation to protect the Sikh communityThe field newspapers reporting on the Sikhs made no distinction between a regional political party, a handful of militants, and the entire Sikh community. Even the senior editors and columnists of the national newspapers considered all Sikhs accountable for the assassination of Indira Gandhi and provided no sympathy to the community during the riots. Through the critical years of political crisis in Punjab before the horrific riots, the national dailies had not help resolve the issue. The time of India, one of the leading national dailies and The Hindustan times did more to inci te hatred between Hindus and Sikhs than perhaps any other national incline linguistic communication newspaper (Das, 2009).The media was a part of the misinformation carried out in the public. The best example of the same would be when a national newspaper carried out an condition reporting that huge quantities of heroin and drugs had been recovered within the Golden Temple complex and the same had been used by the militants to illegally fund their operations. Since, the foreign press was verboten in Punjab they picked up the allegory based on the 14th June Press Trust of India (PTI) news report from the government sources. This news was carried out in the major international newspapers. One week into the incident, the government retracted the official report on the grounds that the drugs had been recovered from the India-Pakistan casting and not the Golden Temple complex. This retraction by the government was not picked up by most international news agencies and the damage do ne by the initial report falsely remained amongst the mass. 3Many scholars believed that the Indian media forgot to prioritize issues and failed to act upon them. Senior Indian journalist, Manoj Mitta along with H. S. Phoolka in the book When a Tree Shook Delhi writes that the media focussed on the assassination of Indira Gandhi and did not care enough about the Sikh murders during the riots. Mitta saysThe media by and large went by the official line on the carnage. It focused on the happenings at juvenile Murti Bhawan, where Indira Gandhis body lay in state and where from people around the world had come to pay respect. So photographers were flocking to that place and the killings that were simultaneously going on in the capital did not get recorded at all. Its freakish but true.Not all were pleased by the Indian medias coverage of the riots.The 2002 Gujarat RiotsThe EventsOn the 27th of February 2002, the Ahmedabad bound Sabarmati emit drawstring reached a small town in Gujara t named Godhra (Yeolekar, 2002). Instead of the usual stoppage for 5 transactions the build up stopped for 25 minutes and then moved out of the platform. Before the train could run at its normal speed, the alarm compass was pulled to stop the train at Signal Falia, a Moslem dwell locality. No one clearly knows what really happened but after few minutes the compartment S-6 was on flames. 58 passengers including 26 women and 12 children were burnt to death (Yeolekar, 2002). Among the passengers were the Kar Sevaks travelling from Ayodhya. There have been different theories believing that Muslims were behind this furious act.If this wasnt barbaric enough, what followed in the days to come shook the entire lay nation of India. During the next three days, from the twenty-eighth of February to 2nd of March, 2002 Muslims were butchered, massacred and burnt alive. disclose of the 24 districts in Gujarat, 16 were entangled by organized mob attacks in which over 2,000 Muslims were kil led, 200 mosques and religious and cultural monuments were sent to rumbles (Sawant et al, 2002). The Muslim community of Gujarat suffered an enormous economic blow with an overall loss of Rs 35 billion.5.2 The Indian Medias Coverage of the Riots5.2.1 The Television CoverageFor the first time in the history of communal clashes in India, violence was carried live on television (Ninan 2002) as the television cameras brought across the horrific images to viewers home in Gujarat and elsewhere. There was no live coverage of the attacks against the Sikhs back in 1984 or the Babri Masjid fiasco in 1992. Those were the era of target media and television was moderate to Doordarshan, a state owned channel. It was only in 1996 when, Rupert Murdoch ventured into India with the head network and STAR News happened Indias first 24 hour news channel 4. This addition to the television spectrum of India added a new visual dimension to politics, violence and public sphere in India. In 2005, the te levision newscape had turned big(a) with a large number of players entering the market some(prenominal) 24 hour news channels were launched. This led to intense competitive shuffling of journalism, which was evident during the Gujarat riots. There were a large consortium of journalists and television crews from motley channels on the streets in Gujarat, each trying to outdo each other. When the Gujarat violence happened, the private television in India had been broadcasting for about 8 years and was easily accessible by 40 million amongst the 81.6 million Indians who owned television sets (5 notes). This option offered by the private television gave the Indian viewers unprecedented access to independent broadcasting.When the first pictures of Gujarat riots were telecast on Indian screens on 27 February, the three major news networks in India Star News, Aaj Tak and Zee News did not follow the signposts formulated by the Press Council of India, a quasi-judicial watchdog organiz ation (Mehta, 2006). The guidelines mentioned not to reveal the individuation of victims or attackers in the news reports but all the news networks carried hue and cry publicizes about the killing of the Kar Sevaks 6. The guidelines were against the mentioning of victims or attackers as Hindus or Muslims because they feared it could inflame passions and lead to revenge attacks. The television news networks with its striking visual images made this guideline redundant. age covering the riots in Gujarat, the television journalists openly identified the victims and the attackers. Varadarajan argues for the appellative of communities. He states that not naming the communities increases a sense of suspicion and apprehension amongst the ordinary citizens not only in the riot affected area but throughout the nation. Then people tend to assume that the victims are their own patch attackers are the other (Varadarajan, 1999).Famous Indian journalists, Rajdeep Sardesai and Barkha Dutt of STAR News justified their stand of naming the communities. Barkha Dutt stated, Naming the community under siege in Gujarat was moot of the story. In fact it was the story, revealing as it did a prejudice administrative and political system that was happy to just stand by and watch. (Mehta, 2006).The bold and independent media coverage by the television media during the riots invited flak from the political actors in powers who were shown in bad light. Criticizing the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Hindutva approach in the riots got STAR News and English newspapers like The Times of India and Indian Express bad press (Sonwalkar, 2006).The BJP was in power in the state of Gujarat and at the centre in New Delhi. After the initial violence, when the news coverage of the attacks against the Muslims in Gujarat started to reflect badly on the state and central government, the leaders came down heavily on the journalists and media personnel. The Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee a ddressed the nation a day after the attacks, regretting the disgraceful violence. He later on added that the news media were presenting an exaggerated account of the situation in Gujarat (The Times of India 2002a micro chip book).The BJP and the state government under Narendra Modi singled out STAR News and banned cable operators from showing the channel in the state. The viewers in Ahmedabad, one of the worst affected regions in the riots, were left with blank television screens, unmindful(predicate) from the reality happening on the streets (Mehta, 2006). Cable operators received calls from local officials in Ahmedabad and other cities to completely black out STAR News, Zee News, CNN and Aaj Tak (The Times of India 2002a). Dossiers and hitlists on journalists were reportedly prepared while the channels which dared to reveal the true statement and were critical of the Chief Minister and his plan of actions were not invited to the press conferences and and so were denied the ba sic right to information by the state itself (Sardesai 2004).The main illness of the BJP and its allies were that the news media did not cover and criticize those who were responsible for the Godhra train tragedy in which 58 Kar Sevaks were victims. This however remains untrue as the every news channels and major newspaper had covered the Godhra train tragedy exclusively, but the follow ups did not remain as the story of the day because the Union Budget followed on 28 February. The budget coverage was pushed aside when the mass killings and large scale retaliation against Muslims started in various parts of the state (Sonwalkar, 2006).another(prenominal) criticism was that, the national media inflamed communal passions by providing graphic television coverage of the dreadful events. The journalists and the news nonrecreational came out against the criticism and said that the level of violence would have been much worse if only the news media brought out the real picture by the gra phic images.The BJP and its allies also christened the media as Marxist-Mullah combine and the Secular Taliban for criticising the attacks against the Muslims. Members of the Editors golf-club of India visited the affected regions in Gujarat and were told by a group of Hindutva supporters that the Hindu community has been defamed with the coverage only being from the Muslim perspective They only find out to Muslims and ignore the Hindus (Patel et al, 2002).Sardesai explains the predicament faced by journalists in covering the riots(If ) any reporter, whether bell ringer of television, sees large-scale violence being committed, is the journalist to ignore the hard reality and merely present the facts as seen through the government binoculars? If the Chief Minister says that the situation is extraditeing to normal even while reports are streaming in of continuing violence in several parts of the state, are not the lies to be exposed? And if the government insists that the the St ates is out on the street when the fact is that the army has been kept on stand-by and is waiting for transport trucks, whose version is to be broadcast?(Sardesai, 2002)5.2.2 The Press CoverageIf the graphic coverage by the television channels hit the headlines and created criticisms, the nature of the press coverage also came under the hammer. The coverage by the print media makes an interesting chew over. There were two different approaches followed by the local and the national media. The local section of the press, including the Gujarati dailies Sandesh and Gujarat Samachar, covered the events from a pro-Hindutva stand and justified the killings of hundreds of Muslims. While the national media, including The Times of India and the Indian Express, were overtly critical of the channelized attacks against the Muslims (Sonwalkar, 2006).The team of Editors hostelry of India met several journalists, correspondents, editors, Chief Minister Narendra Modi and others to conclude that t he English-language national press play an exemplary role in coverage of the riots. BJPs allegations of media playing an aggravating role in coverage of the riots have been dismissed by many scholars. Patel argues that the allegation was specious, self-serving and must be dismissed (Patel et al. 2002). The Editors Guild of Indias team find thatOur finding is that the prompt and extensive portrayal by the national media of the much(prenominal) horrors visited on innocent people in the wake of the Godhra carnage was a saving grace. The exposure of the supine is not complicit attitude of the State and apparent(a) outpourings of communal hatred, stirred the conscience of the nation, compelled remedial action, howsoever defensively and belatedlyHowever, the role of the sections of the Gujarat media, specially the Gujarat Samachar and more notably Sandesh, was rabble-rousing, irresponsible and blatantly violative of all authorized norms of media ethics. This cannot be lightly passe d over. (Patel et al, 2002)Gujarat Samachar is the largest selling daily in Gujarat with a circulation of nearly 810,000 followed by Sandesh with 705,000 (Sonwalkar, 2006). These two newspapers have a large readership and dominate the print market in Gujarat. A study by PUCL in 2002 anchor that there were several instances of distorted and false reporting in these two newspapers and also the circulation of Sandesh rose by 150,000 due to its pro-Hindutva stand. The coverage epitome found that when Muslims were at fault, their names were clearly mentioned and the perpetrators identified. However, when the Muslims were the victims of murders, loots, arsons, and other heinous crimes the attackers were unnamed. The study thinkNo sources were quoted for headlines, even when they were simply lifted from speeches by Vishwa Hindu Parishad (one of the Hindutva polical parties in the state). Headlines were also misleading, and often followed up by reports that did not substantiate, and even negated the headlines completelyThe anti-minority stand was obvious in the slant in news reporting.(PUCL, 2002).Sandesh was extremely provocative in its reporting. PUCL states Sandeshs usage of headlines was to provoke, communalize and terrorise people (PUCL 2002). On the 28th of Februrary, Sandesh carried a headline saying, 70 Hindus Burnt Alive in Godhra. Another report on the front page read, Avenge Blood with Blood, which was a quote from a statement made by one of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad leaders, but the newspaper used the words as a headline without mentioning the leader (Sonwalkar, 2006).On the 6th of March, the headline read, Hindus Beware Haj Pilgrims return with a Deadly Conspiracy, when the fact remains that hundreds of Haj pilgrims were terrified by the happenings in the state and had retuned under police protection. PUCL emphasized in its study that most news in Sandesh post-Godhra violence began with the sentence, In continuing whorl of communal rioting that broke out as a reaction to the demonic/barbaric, etc Godhra incident. The comminatory adjectives used in describing the Godhra incident were strikingly move out when covering the post Godhra Muslim annihilation (PUCL 2002).One of the reports mentioned that the breasts of two Hindu women had been chopped off by Muslim mobs during the crisis. This report turned out be false and the editor countered by saying that the information had been provided by the police. The papers editor told that it was against the policy of the newspaper to carry out corrections and clarifications for previously make knowned articles (Patel et al, 2002). The Press Council of India later censured the newspaper for the fault (Prerna 2003). Gujarat Samachar also heightened the tension through its pro-Hindutva stand in coverage of the events.Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi openly praised Sandesh for its work, which was publishing false and rumoured reports with a pronounced pro-Hindutva and an anti-Muslim stan ce. In a letter to the newspapers editor, Modi writesThe newspapers of the state played a decisive role as a link between the people and the government. You have served humanity in a big way. It is the state governments primary duty to restore peace and security. It is noteworthy that the newspapers of Gujarat gave their full support to the state government in confinement this operose task.I am grateful to you.(Varadarajan, 2002 286)The one regional newspaper that stood out amidst the Hindutva ideology was the Gujarat Today, notably started by few liberal Muslims in the state. The report suggested Gujarat Today regularly carried out positive news items highlighting mutualness of the communities affect (PUCL 2002). The two English-language national newspapers in India, The Times of India and the Indian Express were critical of the state government in their articles. However, these two newspapers also publish editions from Gujarat and a clear divide was evident between the two Engl ish-language dailies and the two regional editions (Sonwalkar, 2006). While the English-language version was sharp in its criticisms of Chief Minister Narendra Modi and his policies, the two Gujarati dailies propagated the need of Hindutva. Desai, an Ahmedabad-based correspondent of the Indian Express writesToday, all the people who once used to look at me with respect question me and poke fun me. They do this because I represented a publication whose medium is English and because I reported human misery in its right perspective.A conversance said All of you from the English language media have tarnished the image of Gujarat. Today, the common man in Gujarat hates the English language media. Even a section of the English language media hates the English language media.(Desai 2004 228)(Need to conclude)The Role of the Media During Communal Riots An digestThe result of multiple and complex interests of regions, states and/or various types of groups within them leads to economic, m ixer and political conflicts. Such conflicts are difficult to handle and requires negotiations between the parties involved and in this amorphous age of media the governments are finding extremely difficult to handle such situations (Terzis, 2008). Despite the increased importance of communication, very few governments can speak about successful communication during conflicts because they fail to take into consideration the perception of the conflict in the minds of the common mass, the scientific analysis of the causable factors, the agendas of the parties involved and the changing nature of the conflict itself (Ballantine, 2003).The role of mass media in covering and resolving conflicts, especially those involving religious differences that leads to frequent communal riots in India, is extremely crucial. We are in the age where the basic principles of reportage of facts are sacred, comment free, get both sides of the story, double check your facts before writing, are not enough in reporting communal riots. There are enough challenges faced by a journalist and media personnel in such a situation. The guidelines for a reporter in covering communal riots should be to lookout for detailed background information, not continue with the stereotyping of communities, find residents who deal with both the communities, talk to victims from both sides, corroborate victims as well as polices accounts, discover the role of the police, the politicians and the media and highlight stories where communities have helped each other.If we hit the books the way Indian media covered the 1984 Sikh riots, we