Is there a benefit in bonding amalgam restorations to remaining tooth structure Essay Example for Free

Is there a benefit in bonding amalgam restorations to remaining tooth structure Essay The use of bonded amalgam in restoring the teeth began as early as the 1990’s when a few practitioners began to use certain substances to bond the amalgam restorations directly to the tooth. These practitioners began to bond the amalgam directly to the enamel and/or the dentin. The process of bonding amalgam to the tooth was fairly simple. First, the cavity was prepared and the surface of the cavity was thoroughly cleansed, washed and dried. An etchant was applied to the surface of the cavity, and etching was done for certain period of time. Then, a bonding agent was applied to the surface of the prepared cavity. This bonding agent was chemically cured. After this, amalgam can be condensed into the cavity. The resin can whilst curing, bond the magma to the tooth. A mechanical interlocking between the amalgam and the resin would develop. Such restorations would have a lot of advantages over conventional amalgam restorations. However, the evidence available currently regarding bonded amalgam is rather insufficient, as the results of long-term studies are lacking. Studies for a period of two years following the insertion of bonded amalgam have been conducted, and benefits predicted on a long-term basis needs to be thoroughly tested (Bryant, 1998). The use of bonding agent for dental amalgam was first thought of immediately after composite resins were successfully bonded clinically. One of the most frequently utilized agents for bonding amalgam to the tooth structure is 4-META. This enables bond shear strength of about 10 MPa. On the other hand, if the same agent is utilized to bond composite resins to the tooth structure, a bond strength of about 20 MPa is achieved (Graig, 2002). One of the main reasons why dental researchers began to work on the use of bonded amalgams for clinical use was because the newer restorative material have not been very successful in replacing dental amalgam. During the early days when bonded amalgams were initially tested, researchers were able to notice that bonding helped to provide certain benefits against unbonded amalgams (Zbynek, 2002). Bonded amalgam restorations claim several benefits:- 1. The retention form of a cavity may be improved following use of bonded amalgam (Bryant, 1998). However, some researchers feel that the bond retention offered by bonding amalgam be very less or even negligible. This is because the bonding agent may not adopt in a proper manner to the surface of the cavity or the amalgam (Graig, 2002). 2. There is no much of need to cut the tooth extensively and to prepare several retentive features such as grooves, dove tails, undercuts, etc. 3. As the tooth is prepared conservatively, the resistance form of the tooth is improved. This means that the restoration can tolerate stresses better that could fracture the cusps. The clinical evidence available for this in the form of clinical trials is rather insufficient in this regard (Bryant, 1998). Studies have shown that in a MOD (class VI) cavity prepared with amalgam, the resistance to fracture was more than doubled when a bonding agent was utilized, compared to in situations when a bonding agent was not utilized. The case of the improvement in the facture strengths of bonded amalgam was comparable to that of bonding composite resins. The fracture strength achieved by bonding composites was similar to that of bonding amalgam in case of MOD restorations. However, in both cases, the resistance to fracture was as not as high as that of normal tooth material. The fracture resistance depended on several factors such as the amount of tooth material cut, the width of the proximal box, etc. Studies have shown that as the width of the restoration is increased, the resistance to fracture decreases. Research has also demonstrated that the retention obtained by bonding amalgam for MOD cavities was similar to that of placing pin-retained restorations. Hence, the potential to use bonded amalgam instead of pin-retained restorations could be considered. However, long-term studies in this regard have not been considered (Graig, 2002). Some other situations in which bonded amalgam restorations could be useful include large cavity preparations in posterior teeth (as the extent of the cavity preparation would reduce) and in class V cavities in which the occluso-gingival height is reduced, as the need for pins is eliminated (Zbynek, 2002). 4. As the tooth is cut to a conservative extent, and the need to build several retentive features is reduced, the chances of the patient developing post-operative hypersensitivity are greatly reduced. Besides, the resin bonding agent tends to seal the dentinal tubules and prevent the excessive drying (Zbynek, 2002). However, several other factors plays a very important role in preventing the development of hypersensitivity including the extent to which the amalgam is condensed, excessive drying of the tooth, the experience and the technique utilized by the dental practitioner, etc (Bryant, 1998). 5. Bonding agents help to improve the marginal seal and reduce the microleakage in a dental amalgam restoration. The gap present between the tooth and the amalgam is reduced thus lowering the microleakage (Zbynek, 2002). The fluid flow into the cavity is either abolished to decreased (Graig, 2002). Besides, the dentinal tubules are sealed to a greater extent, which could reduce and prevent damage to the pulp (Bryant, 1998). The microleakage is frequently measured using the dye leakage technique (Cenci, 2004). 6. The bonding strength between the tooth surface and the restoration is increased when an amalgam bonding agent is utilized. Studies have shown that the bond strength that develops when no bonding agent is utilized is about 4 to 8 MPa. However, when a bonding agent is utilized, the bond strength shoots up to about 20 MPa (Graig, 2002). 7. The rate of secondary caries is reduced (due to better marginal integrity and reduced marginal leakage) (Zbynek, 2002).

Traditional Views On Stranger Rape Criminology Essay

Traditional Views On Stranger Rape Criminology Essay I prefer to characterize rape simply as a form of torture. Like the torturer, the rapist is motivated by the urge to dominate, humiliate, and destroy his victim. Like a torturer, he does so by using the most intimate acts available to humans sexual ones. Helen Benedict, Virgin or Vamp, 1992 Rape is the act of forced, unwanted sexual assault. It can be a form of sexual harassment or sexual intercourse. This can be done by a stranger, an acquaintance, or a family member. Globally, rape is an occurring crime that victimizes not only women but also children and men too (Starman, 2009).In 1997, according to the Worldwide Sexual Assault Statistics there is a large percentage of sexual assault victims that are less than 15 years old (2005). In 2000, there was a report that in seven different countries, 60% of sexual assault victims know their attackers. In 2001, 1 out of 3 women worldwide has experienced rape or sexual assault (Worldwide Sexual Assault Statistics, 2005). Also, in an intensive study, it was found that in eight different countries, 24.7% experienced sexual violence in dating relationships (Worldwide Sexual Assault Statistics, 2005). Also, the Worldwide Sexual Assault Statistics reported that studies showed that 5-10 percent of men experience sexual assault in th eir childhood days (2005). These statistics imply that rape is a very serious crime. Even family members cannot be excused out of it. According to Susan Estrich, there are two types of rape: traditional rape described to be a violent rape committed by a stranger and non-traditional rape described to be a less violent rape committed by an acquaintance of the victim (qtd. by Shanahan, 1999). Estrich suggested that non-traditional rape requires a less severe punishment compared to the traditional rape (qtd. by Shanahan, 1999). However, this is an unfair line of thinking. Rape is a crime. It is not dependent on who did it and who the victim is. In this paper, the first part will discuss rape and its history. The second part will discuss about and compare the two types of rape: traditional rape and non-traditional rape. Emphasis will be given to the traditional stranger rape case. The third part will discuss the current penalties that are given to the rapists. Emphasis will also be giv en to the traditional stranger rape case. A thorough evaluation of the penalties and its implications will be discussed. The last part will discuss about how this traditional stranger view fails to fairly and accurately represent the true nature of rape as an offence. Rape first appeared on historical texts in the form of early religious texts. Rape is commonly denoted both as abduction and in a sexual sense. In Greek Mythology, some famous stories depicted rape of women and male rape. First is the rape of Europa by Zues, It was written that Europa, a Phoenician princess, was abducted by Zues and they had sexual contact and had children (The Abduction of Europa, 2010). Second, the rape of Ganymede by Zues, the story tells that Zeus fell in love with a Trojan prince named Ganymede. Zues abducted the boy and made him his lover. This myth was even used by Greek philosopher Plato to justify his sexual feelings toward his male pupils (Gibson, 2004). Both of these myths were not treated in negative terms. These rapes went out unpunished because these sexual relationships were starting to be a part of the Greek society. Lastly, the famous rape of Chrysippus by the prince of Thebes named Laios (Atsma, 2008). In the story, Chrysippus killed himself because of his violation (Hubbard, 2006). It was also the first time that one called it a crime, namely the crime of Laius (Carter, 2006). This term is used today as one pertaining to male rape. This is the first depiction of rape as a negative thing. In the early states, mothers were being trapped into a situation wherein they have to stay in limited areas of their homes and stay with other females. This is called gynarchy. Also, women and children were separated from the mens quarters. Thus, men use young boys for sexual intercourse preferably rather than their wives (Xenophon, cited in deMause, no date). Historians argue that in early states, matriarchy is the prevailing view. The state is governed by women. This is why at that time maternal incest was widely spread and common (deMause, n.d.). According to historians, child rape in early states is called love ,or pedophelia translated as love of children, or justifying it as an instance of gay rights that children are not minors (deMause, n.d.). Furthermore, the children are being blamed for being raped. Early scholars, especially Greek scholars believe that children are lonely and needing sex, seductive, and as routinely fellating older men [but] not abused despite ingesting their elders semen but ritually initiated into manhood. (Rousseau, 2007). Also, It was reported that in many early states, boys would be dressed as girls by their mothers and they will work as prostitutes to be raped by priests during religious rituals (Spencer, 1996). Men could pick up boys to be raped at any barbershop, in any boy brothel, at the exit of any of the Roman games (McMullen, 1990 cited by deMause, n.d.). Men regularly went into streets with scissors to make a hole in the trousers of the boy and a small pillow to put in the boys mouth if he should scream. (Schild, 1997). Furthermore, Physicians were reportedly expected to provide lubricants for the anal penetration of boys and also treat the rectal tears that results from being raped (deMause, n.d.). According to Plutarch, boys should think of rape not as a pleasure, but as a duty (Cantarella, 2002, cited by deMause, n.d.). Moreover, in ancient Babylon and Hebrew cultures, raped women are either thrown into the river o r are stoned to death in the cities (Brownmiller, cited by deMause, n.d.). It was also reported that in the early Roman Empire, the castration of boys was a big business used for raping by the aristocracy and by priests (Rousselle, 2009 cited by deMause, n.d.). In the time of the Nazis, rape was used as a political tool in war to produce fear torture, and social control in the states. Examples are the Serbian rape camps, comfort girls in Japan, use of inmates for prostitution in Nazi concentration camps in WWII, mass rapes of Bengali women during the Pakistani/Bengali war, rapes of school girls in Kenya, ass rapes of women by armed forces in Somalia and Guatemala (A History of Sexual Assault, 2009: p. 1). These are facts that are very overwhelming if one thinks of the freedom of people today. These myths, actions and beliefs are very brute and terrifying. In recent years, rape and other forms of sexual assault is associated with harm for a male perpetrator who is related to the female victim. This means that if the rape victim is married, the crime is against her husband; also, if the victim is unmarried, the crime is against her father. Women were treated as property of men. They had no rights in legal and social definitions of rape. It was only in the 60s that the women started to participate and given a chance to voice their opinions and beliefs womens movements (A History of Sexual Assault, 2009: p. 1).Today, rape is considered as a crime punishable by law. Although there are some countries are not very strict regarding their policies and laws such as in India or in Africa. Rape is defined as forced, unwanted sexual assault or sexual intercourse. Furthermore, it was argued that the reason behind the reformation and redefinition of rape, sexual assault, etc. was the feminist movements. Rape is about possession, power, and control (A History of Sexual Assault, 2009: p. 1). In the history of rape, several definitions and sanctions were very poor. Examples are: Rape was defined as forced sexual intercourse only, penile/vagina. If the victim does not acquire injuries, the case will not be prosecuted. All states do not acknowledge marital rape and date rape as serious rape cases. Males are only treated as suspects and cannot be victims, while females are victims only and not perpetrators. Only stranger rape was acknowledged and if no physical injuries or harm were sustained, it will not be acknowledged (A History of Sexual Assault, 2009: p. 2). Only in 2002 was there a big leap in the rape law definitions and sanctions. There are many different reasons behind these rapes. Study of why and where is the point of doing this criminal act will strengthen understanding about what rape is and why it is a crime. According to the GMU Sexual Assault Services (GMU-SAS), approximately 95 percent of reported rapes are committed by men. However, most men do not commit these kinds of crime (The Offender, 2009). GMU-SAS argued that there are many different factors that affect or boost the development of this deviant behavior. Some of these factors are: (One) the offender thinks of the victim as an object that can be manipulated and violated according to his will. (Two) The inability to empathize to other people had resulted from physical, sexual or emotional abuse from the past. According to a study, 70 percent of male sexual assault offenders were sexually and physically abused in their childhood (Lisak, 2002, cited in The Offender, 2009). (Three) The perpetrator believes that sex is equal to violence; that men sh ould be dominant and aggressive, and that women should protect themselves until they take that virtue with the use of force. (Four) The perpetrator strongly holds on the beliefs of dating ritual stereotypes. An example is that sex is a game. The more you have it, whether by force or not, the more points you have. (Five) The perpetrator accepts violence as an act of dealing with conflicts. (Six) Excessive drinking of alcohol may affect the violent attitude of some men (The Offender, 2009). These are just some of the causes that may affect the development of a sexual assault perpetrator. Rape has a wide variety of cases. Rape, in the simplest categorization, is divided into two fields. One, non-stranger rape and two, stranger rape. These are two entirely different stories. Non-traditional rape is defined to be rape wherein the perpetrator is an acquaintance, a friend, a neighbor or even a spouse (Acquaintance or Non-Stranger Rape, 2009). According to the GMU Sexual Assault Services (GMU-SAS), a non-stranger rape is not considered to be a true sexual assault (2009). Most of the time, society today tends to blame the victim for these types of rape. However, GMU-SAS argued that the no woman is exempt from being raped. Any woman can be raped. Also, rape is a very democratic form of violence. Furthermore, rape attacks are 80% wholly and partially planned (Acquaintance or Non-Stranger Rape, 2009: p. 1). Also, studies show that 60-80% of all sexual assaults were done by someone who knows the victims. Also, men can be sexually assaulted too. Most of the male rape victims wer e abused in their childhood or in their teens. Rape is not dependent on the weapon used, gender, virginity and other matters. Rape is about unwanted, forced actions toward a victim (Acquaintance or Non-Stranger Rape, 2009: p. 2). Marital rape is another form of a non-traditional rape. In 1984, marital rapes were not prosecuted in Virginia. It was only in 1986 that a reformation of the law allows prosecution of marital rapes. In recent studies, one out of seven women is being sexually assaulted by their husbands (Marital Rape, 2009).In other words, marriages are not an exemption when it comes to rape. Gang rape can be another form of a non-traditional rape if the sexual perpetrators are known or have a relationship to the victim. This happens when two or more offenders sexually assault a victim. GMU-SAS described gang rape as very different from the traditional acquaintance rape in the sense that men who engage in rapes like these are the ones who cannot commit an individual rape. Fu rthermore, it was said that gang rape is a less perverted type of rape that usually associates the thing as a rite of passage or a proof of masculinity (Helen, cited by GMU-SAS, 2009).These types of rape involve an acquaintance or an existing relationship. Stranger rapes are the crimes that involve total strangers as perpetrators. A report from the Dublin Rape Crisis Centre (DRCC) show that stranger rape is increasing. More than half of all the rape victims are attacked by total complete strangers. The DRCC is alarmed and shocked because of this growing trend. Also, according to their statistics, out of the 51 percent of stranger rape victims, 38 percent said that they were also physically and psychologically abused (cited by Sherry, 2009). According to the Rape, Abuse, Incest National Network (RAINN), stranger rape has three major categories: Blitz sexual assault, Contact sexual assault, and Home invasion sexual assault. Blitz sexual assault is the type of sexual assault that happens rapidly and brutally. The perpetrator is a total stranger and this usually happens at night in public places. Contact sexual assault involves the sudden contact of a stranger perpetrator with the victim and tries to gain his confidence and trust before as saulting the victim. Usually, the perpetrators pick their victims from bars and restaurants; sexual coercion also is used for the initiation of sexual assault. Home invasion sexual assault is the situation wherein the stranger perpetrator breaks in the home of the victim and assaults the victim (Stranger Rape, 2009). Stranger rape is reported to happen in a lesser commonly and less possible to be repeated. Furthermore, it has been an argument that stranger rape is associated with violence and that non-stranger rapes have less violence when it comes to their nature (Shanahan, 1999). This is a rather unequal judgment on the true nature of rape as an offence. Rape is rape. Rape is a crime. It does not matter whether there was violence or less violence. It was further explained that a woman is raped whenever she has sex and feels violated (MacKinnon, cited by Shanahan, 1999). To further explain and evaluate the case of stranger rape, comparison of the harms and effects of both rapes will be discussed. There are many effects of being raped. These are very serious consequences that have lifetime effects on the victim. It was reported that stranger rape has far more complicated and devastating effects for the victim. Stranger rape often results in unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases which include HIV and AIDS. Furthermore, violent stranger rape can cause bruises and cuts to the victim, also the absence of condoms that make a larger probability of sexually transmitted diseases (Best, 2005). Raped women are traumatized and stigmatized. In some cultures, different kinds of punishments are given to raped women. Raped women are either abandoned, divorced or be declared as unmarriageable (Best, 2005). Furthermore, many raped women become impregnated; contract sexually transmitted infections, and suffers gynecological injuries that require recons tructive surgery (Best, 2005). These consequences are far more devastating that one can ever imagined. The mental, emotional, physical and psychological tortures for these women are worst. The effects and harms of non-stranger rape are also comparable to the effects of stranger rape. It is not right to say that non-stranger rape is not violent. There is also violence in what they do. Research reports that non-stranger rape or acquaintance rape survivors suffer from depression, anxiety, complications in subsequent relationships, and difficulty of attaining maximum level of sexual satisfaction (Koss Dinero, cited by Curtis, 1997). Also, it is also argued that one of the most serious effects of stranger rape is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, rape and other sexual assaults is the most common cause of PTSD (McFarlane De Girolamo, in van der Kolk, McFarlane, Weisaeth cited by Curtis, 1997). Other effects are miscarriage, stillbirth, infertility, suicidal tendencies, and long-term sexual dysfunction. The effects and harms are just the same as with the stranger rape. There should be no distinction between stranger and non-stranger rape. They are both cri mes. The punishment and law for rape cases will be discussed to further the understanding of the stand and status of both stranger rape and non-stranger rape in representing the true nature of rape as an offence. The legal aspects and comparisons of the traditional sense for both cases is the most effective way in evaluating the extent of which both represents the nature of rape. The legal aspects of traditional rape has five major elements: penetration, force and resistance, non-consent, absence of a spousal relationship (the marital exemption), and a culpable state of mind (mens rea). Only four of the major elements are connected to stranger rape. (1) Sexual intercourse is a requirement for an act to be called rape. Penetration is the, even slightest, insertion of the penis into the vagina. It does not count as rape if the penetration is done with the use of object or the penetration is not done in the vagina. Furthermore, ejaculation is not required. This implies that traditional view of rape is gender-specific that only women can be raped. Today, modern views about rape towards penetration is that penetration is about violence and violation against the morale, physical integrity and sexual autonomy of a person man, woman or child. This means that penetration is forcible penetration of any object to any part of the body of the victim (Rape: Legal Aspects Forcible Rape: Elements of the Offense, n.d.). (2) To be qualified as a rape case, the perpetrator must have exerted force and that the victim has no consent about it. Traditionally, other cases wherein it is considered as forcible rape even without the physical compulsion, are those in which the woman was unconscious, was mentally incompetent, or gave her consent under certain false pretenses. Traditionally, a perpetrator who tricked a victim about false pretenses about marriage and the likes are not to be considered as rape. However, he may be trialed for seduction. Also, rape by submission must be justified by the application of force (Rape: Legal Aspects Forcible Rape: Elements of the Offense, n.d.). It was argued that the justification of force is not self-evident because most people think that sex without consent, even with or without force, is to be called rape (Rape: Legal Aspects Forcible Rape: Elements of the Offense, n.d.). This implies that you if the victim is not forced, there is no rape. That rape is traditionall y interpreted as an act of violence the more force, the more violent, the more credible the rape. Today, several states punish all cases of sexual intercourse without consent and treat force merely as a factor that aggravates the severity of the offense. But there are still people who believe that force is an essential element of rape (Rape: Legal Aspects Forcible Rape: Elements of the Offense, n.d.). (3) Non-consent is another issue of the traditional view of rape. A sexual assault is not considered as rape if the victim consented or did not resist. The act must be against his will. The major drawback of this element is that it tended to encourage a focus on the complainants state of mind, and evidence of her prior sexual experience was often used to insinuate that she wanted to have sex (or deserved whatever treatment she received). Furthermore, the meaning of consent is not clear. Some argued that answering no does not actually mean no. Such difficulties arise that is why, today, some laws provide the elimination of the element of unwillingness or non-consent (Rape: Legal Aspects Forcible Rape: Elements of the Offense, n.d.). (4) Mens Rea is another traditional view of rape. It means that the defendant has a culpable state of mind. This means that the perpetrator must have actual knowledge of what he has done and that he is in a proper state of mind. Furthermore, conviction should require actual awareness of wrongdoing. This implies that the conviction should require proof of criminal negligence (a gross departure from the level of care reasonably expected) and the penalty imposed should be lower than that applied to intentional misconduct. (Rape: Legal Aspects Forcible Rape: Elements of the Offense, n.d.). Clearly, from these traditional views on stranger rape, all of the four traditional elements: penetration, force and resistance, non-consent, and a culpable state of mind (mens rea) do not represent fairly and accurately the true nature of rape as an offence. It is an offence if the person is violated physically, emotionally, mentally, and psychologically. Again, Rape is rape. Rape is a crime. It does not matter who, what, where, when and how. Rape is about the destruction of ones sexual autonomy, of ones pride and dignity, of ones health.

Teenage Illegal Drug Use

Teenage Illegal Drug Use THESIS OUTLINE Young people using illegal drugs. Reasons for why teens use drugs. Enhance pleasure. Instant gratification. Lack of confidence. Common risk factors associated with drugs. Family history. Mental or behavioral disorder. Impulse control problems. Risk of accidents and deaths due to drug overdose. Poison deaths. Statistics about drug misuse. Increase in road accidents. Drug affects family relationships. How drugs affect parents and siblings. Destructive behavior of parents. Effects of drugs on Academics. Statistics and facts of teen use drugs and alcohol in colleges. Drop out from schools. Maintain gangs. Peer pressure. Prevention tips. Build emotional ties. Confront problems quickly. TEENAGE ILLEGAL DRUG USE THESIS STATEMENT: Teenage illegal drug use is a problem in the world today, using drugs increases risk of accidents, ruin family relationships, job prospects and academic failure. TEENS USE ILLEGAL DRUGS: Teenage illegal drug use is common in today’s world. Not every teen uses drugs; there are several risks by using drugs, which include an increase in accidents, ruining family relationships and academic failure. Drug addiction or use is highest among teens and late 20’s, according to the national survey by national survey on drug use and health NSDUH (2013), the drug usage among teenagers varied in people aged between 12-18, most of them are using illegal drugs. Teens are addicted to drugs to enhance pleasure, fun, self-medication, lack of confidence, to vary their conscious experience, relive pain, to promote and enhance social collaboration by Larsen, (n.d). From the book, drug abuse sourcebook (2013), teens take drugs to maintain gang, to escape or relax, to relive boredom, rebel and peer pressure. Illegal drugs are very hazardous used by teens (p.100). According to Dasha (2014), 60% of Canada teenagers use illegal drugs between ages 15 to 24. Teenagers also use drugs on an occasional basis and used as a part of a social life that can include parties and dating. In India, teenagers few teenagers are addicted to drugs, in villages most of them use marijuana. Europe has less number of teenagers compared with American teenagers. Drugs can affect very quickly and without knowing them, the length of time that it effects varies, it depends on how much quantity of drug taken, some drugs are legal when lawfully used for medical purposes. However, that does not mean drugs are safe. As per the survey UNODC in 2014 countries like Australia, United States of America, Spain, Urban Afghanistan and Pakistan, the illicit use of drugs is more common among the men and women. The most common risk factors associated with drugs in teenage are family history, mental or behavioral disorders and impulse control problems. Mostly, the problem starts from family history. Especially when teen parents are having drug problem, this affects the child has or teen behavior and can increase the risk to try drugs (NIDA, 2012). Depression and anxiety or deficit hyperactivity disorders in teenage can increase more risk with the use of drugs. Those who are addicted to drugs would likely going to have mental disorder problems; they suffer often from mood and anxiety disorder. This may cause physical illness or disability, brain damage. The most common factor that teens affected by impulse control disorders, this involves chronic problems in one’s ability his or her emotions and behaviors. Due to lack of self-control, teens suffer from these disorders and experience disruptions in social, personal, family and academic aspects. Using drugs, exposure to violence, family history are most common risk factors faced by teens. Parents should take care of the children’s health and behavioral problems; they should be vigilant on drug use. In the article â€Å"Young people and illegal drugs† the Australian government (2013), parents can make children healthy and safe role model, teach them how to make good decisions-get the facts, find out the risks and plan family events they can take part in. they have to keep eye on behavior and feelings. Sometimes young people who are depressed or have mental illness use drugs to help them cope with feeling bad, as per south Australian government (2013). Teens might be unusual behavior, silence, anger towards, change of friends and change in physical appearance in teens who use drugs by Australian government in the article young people and illegal drugs (2013). RISK OF ACCIDENTS AND DEATHS DUE TO DRUG OVERDOSE: The majority of the accidents and deaths in teenage are caused due to drug overdose. From the book drug abuse Larsen, (n.d.), explained about the risk of accidents and deaths are due to drug over dose. Every drug is a poison; a large amount of drug can kill the person due to accidents and poison. The legal and illegal drugs root the vast majority of poisoning deaths; According to the 2013, national survey on drug and health (NSDUH) and NIDA (2014), an approximate 9.9 million-teenager aged 12 or older are driving under the influence of illicit drugs during the year prior. This is the lower compared with 2012 by National Highway Traffic Safety and Administration (NHTSA). Vehicle accidents are lead to cause poisoning deaths from injuries among the young people between ages 16 to 19 statement by (NIDA) Drug driving; nearly 9 out of 10 deaths caused by illegal drug usage; in past four decades the motor vehicle traffic deaths increased due to poisoning by drug uses that are unintentional, suicides, undetermined intent. The comparison between boys and girls, the ratio is 2:3 compared from 1999. According to international statistics in 2005, over 4.4 million teenagers in the US admitted taking prescription painkillers and almost 50% of teens believe that prescription drugs are much safer than illegal street drugs. Up to 60 percent to 70 percent of prescription drugs used as source of drug for teenagers by drug free world by Goldberg, C. (2013, April 22). According to the World drug report (2013), few countries as Iran, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are the mostly affected in Asia related deaths using illicit drugs. In Africa, around 17,500 numbers of people including teenagers are drug related deaths (WHO, 2012). Overall, drugs can increase to accidents risk regardless of the presence of alcohol; the contribution of drugs was significantly higher than that produced by alcohol. Use of drugs while driving tends to fatal and serious injuries. DRUG AFFECTS FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS: When a child gets addicted to drugs, the entire family unit suffers of physical and mental health (Beth Covelli, 2014). According to American government survey, one in 10 teenagers between 12 and 17 years of age are illicit drugs (2009). Parents and siblings have a key role in modeling and the reinforcement of drug use by teens. Most of the Drug abuse has a lot of stress on parents and siblings declined in their health related to stress of living with the child’s drug problem by Laura (n.d). Drug use can compact parent-child relationships to prevent drug use and the family conflicts might increase, when teen take drugs they may forget because their focus is on getting and taking drugs and they may lie or steal money to purchase drugs by Nefer, B. (2005). The teen drug user might do anything that upsets neighbors and friends and make the family ashamed. Some teens who are addicted are out of control and do not see about the problems causing by themselves in drug facts by NIDA. Younger siblings of drug users can identified as at increased risk of drug exposure and intention. If the parents or brothers who addicted to drugs they may spoil the relationships in family. Most of the siblings exposed to drugs because they share the same room or house (Larsen, n.d). Drug use has a major impact on relationships; it effects the emotional, financial and psychological of the entire family and friends. The drug use tends to blame on others in families, the situations may cause negative effects on younger siblings. EFFECTS OF DRUGS USE ON ACADEMICS: Drug use on campuses is universal. According to Health study, 90% of teens have used drugs and many of their classmates are using illegal drugs stated by co-students in the schools and colleges. Students usually dropout from schools or colleges due to illegal drugs, about 17 percent of students, 2.8 million are abusing drugs in school days in United States of America. Most of the schools are like hubs for drug activity with 44 percent of high school students who sells and use drugs by Reinberg, S. (2011, November 7). Private school students reported 54 percent of drugs available in schools and 61 percent of students are drug infected in public schools. In the article, â€Å"Effects of drugs and alcohol on Academic life†, 95% of the college campus violence related to drugs, over 60 percent of all college women intoxicated using drugs. Teenagers feel pressured to use drugs at parties and social gathering; they use drugs to get relieved from work related stress, financial worries or relationship problems and for feeling of shyness. Illicit drug use among dropouts was higher than for those in school (31.4 percent vs. 18.2 percent). Teenagers who use drug are more likely than non-users to drop out of school and less likely than non-users to graduate from high school. According to research at Colorado State University, teen drug abuse increases the risk of failure at schools. Poor academic performance can lead to increase truancy and dropout rates. The drugs are the main factor for teen violence; students with violent tendencies are likely to resist authority by (university of Illinois). Drug use can cause teenagers more vulnerable to depression and suicidal behavior. The symptoms of depression can manifest themselves in the form of being late to class and unable to complete assignments and other activities (Turner, 2009). Most of the teenagers maintain gangs to protect themselves (Lares, n.d). Some youth attend schools where violence is all too familiar and physical fighting is frequent relied upon to settle disputes (OSWALT, 2011) in Exposure to Violence. The influence of social media and electronic media can be negatively affecting the young people in many ways like exposing them to violence, reinforcing the importance of money. A staggering three quarters of teens between ages of 12 and 17 years old admitted that seeing photos of fellow classmates using drugs on social media encouraged them to do the same from the article â€Å"The influence of social media and teen drug use†. They are exposing them to extreme violence, which can desensitize them to reality, reinforcing the importance if money, consumerism and status symbol in Australia (2015). The main reason for the gang violence are the use and sale of drugs in campus, disputes over gang territory, gang rivalries and fights among members of the other gang. PREVENTION TIPS: The best know fact about prevention about the illegal drug use is â€Å"Not to take drugs†. To live a healthy life and drug free life there are few prevention tips for parents, faculty and teenagers: Parents have to keep time for kids to know about the kid’s schedule of the day. They should be vigilant about their children’s, make family dinner as often, spend time, and share the views, know about the friends. This can build emotional ties between parents and children’s (Phoenix house, 2012). Students will experience freedom and this may result with drug use, the use of illegal drugs is always dangerous. Faculty and university should change behavior of the student even he refuse your help and they should interact with students to avoid the drug culture. CONCLUSION: To conclude, illegal drug use will be impact on the teenagers and increase the risk factors including accidents, crimes, academic failure. All of these issues are very significant to the individual teen, the family and society. Teenagers should know the facts and knowledge about the drug use and its effects and they can live drug free life. REFERENCE: (AMERICAN PSYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION) BARNARD, M. (2005, April 27). Drugs in the family: The impact on parents and siblings | Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/drugs-family-impact-parents-and-siblings DrugFacts: Drugged Driving. (2014, December 1). Retrieved April 26, 2015, from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drugged-driving Drugs teenagers Better Health Channel. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.Nsf/pages/Drugs_teenagers?open Goldberg, C. (2013, April 22). National Study: Teen Misuse and Abuse of Prescription Drugs Up 33 Percent Since 2008, Stimulants Contributing to Sustained Rx Epidemic Partnership for Drug-Free Kids. Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.drugfree.org/newsroom/national-study-teen-misuse-and-abuse-of-prescription-drugs-up-33-percent-since-2008-stimulants-contributing-to-sustained-rx-epidemic/ Larsen, L. (2014). Drug abuse sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the abuse of cocaine, club drugs, marijuana, inhalants, heroin, hallucinogens, and other illicit substances and the misuse of prescription and over-the-counter medications; along with facts and statistics about drug use and addiction, treatment and recovery, drug testing, drug abuse prevention and intervention, glossaries of related terms, and directories of resources for additional help and information (4th ed.). OMNIGRAPHICS. MANAGING YOUR HEALTH. (2011, November 7). Retrieved April 27, 2015, from http://health.usnews.com/health-news/managing-your-healthcare/articles/2011/11/07/more-than-a-third-of-teens-turning-to-alcohol-drugs-study. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drugged Driving Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drugged-driving on April 22, 2015 Nefer, B. (2005). Drug abuse and relationships. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. Retrieved January 7, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/195062-drug-abuse-relationships/ Parenting and Child Health Health Topics -. (2013, October 10). Retrieved May 3, 2015, from http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114np=141id=1747. Simple Methods to Prevent Your Teen from Using Drugs or Alcohol. (2012, September 19). Retrieved April 30, 2015, from http://www.phoenixhouse.org/news-and-views/news-and-events/simple-methods-to-prevent-your-teen-from-using-drugs-or-alcohol/ THE EFFECT OF DRUG AND alcohol on academic life. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2015, from https://www.fit.edu/caps/documents/effects of drugs.pdf The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Academic Life. (2011, September 21). Retrieved May 2, 2015, from http://sobercollege.com/2011/the-effects-of-drugs-and-alcohol-on-academic-life/ WORLD DRUG REPORT 2014. (2014, June 1). Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2014/World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf

Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners Essay -- Dubliner

Male and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). Contained in this moral history called Dubliners are twelve stories that deal with the paralysis of a central male character and only four that deal with so called paralysis within a central female character. It could be said that Joyce did this merely because he is a male, therefore could write the character better. However, Joyce writes female characters just as convincing as male characters. In looking at the male-centered stories versus the female-centered stories I find a difference. As the author Marilyn French says in her book Shakespeare’s Division of Experience, â€Å"The basic distinction in human social o rder since the beginning of recorded history has been gender† (French, 11). While it is obvious that each of the stories within Dubliners deal with paralysis, I contend that the paralysis within a male character and the paralysis within a female character are essentially different. Male paralysis is evident in the story â€Å"Araby,† about a young boy’s obsession over his friend’s sister. His life revolves around thinking about her and when the next time he is going to see her will be, even though he has never had a conversation with her. He comments, â€Å"I had never spoken to her except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood† (Joyce 20). His life is ruled by this fascination, and when she final... ...wrote the male and female characters differently within Dubliners. Works Cited: Benstock, Bernard. Critical Essays on James Joyce. G.K. Hall & Co. Boston, Massachusetts: 1985. French, Marilyn. Shakespeare’s Division of Experience. Summit Books. New York, New York: 1981. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Washington Square Press. New York, New York: 1998. Seidel, Michael. James Joyce: A Short Introduction. Blackwell Publishers, Inc. Oxford, UK: 2002. Works Consulted: Fairhall, James. James Joyce and the Question of History. Cambridge University Press. New York, New York: 1993. Garrett, Peter K., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Dubliners. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 1968. Torchiana, Donald T. Backgrounds for Joyce’s Dubliners. Allen & Unwin, Inc. Winchester, Massachusetts: 1986.

Why I admire Benjamin Franklin Essay -- Leaders American History

Benjamin Franklin completed many accomplishments from childhood to adulthood. When he was just 22 he established his first printing business with a partner, Hugh Meredith. Benjamin soon bought out Hugh Meredith's share. In 1732, when Franklin was only 26 he published the first edition of 'Poor Richards Almanack,' the book shows evidence that it was successful for 25 years. 'Poor Richards Almanack' allowed Franklin to retire from business a rich man in 1748. In 1741 Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin Stove. The stove was handy for both, heating a room or cooking. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin conducted his famous electricity experiment with a kite. In 1757 Franklin returned to England as a Colonial agent for Pennsylvania. Next, in the year of 171 Benjamin began to write his own autobiography. In 1775 as a member of the Continental Congress, Franklin advocated separation from England. In 1776 Franklin helped draft the Declaration of Independence, in the fall he goes to France to plead the American cause. In 1778, Benjamin arranged the American Alliance with France, which soon led... Why I admire Benjamin Franklin Essay -- Leaders American History Benjamin Franklin completed many accomplishments from childhood to adulthood. When he was just 22 he established his first printing business with a partner, Hugh Meredith. Benjamin soon bought out Hugh Meredith's share. In 1732, when Franklin was only 26 he published the first edition of 'Poor Richards Almanack,' the book shows evidence that it was successful for 25 years. 'Poor Richards Almanack' allowed Franklin to retire from business a rich man in 1748. In 1741 Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin Stove. The stove was handy for both, heating a room or cooking. In 1752 Benjamin Franklin conducted his famous electricity experiment with a kite. In 1757 Franklin returned to England as a Colonial agent for Pennsylvania. Next, in the year of 171 Benjamin began to write his own autobiography. In 1775 as a member of the Continental Congress, Franklin advocated separation from England. In 1776 Franklin helped draft the Declaration of Independence, in the fall he goes to France to plead the American cause. In 1778, Benjamin arranged the American Alliance with France, which soon led...

The Impact of the Tuberculosis Vaccine Essay -- Biology Medical Biomed

The Impact of the Tuberculosis Vaccine Abstract Tuberculosis is one of the most infectious diseases in the world. With almost one third of the world infected with this virus, people are striving to help prevent the spread of this disease (NIAID, 2001). One prevention technique for tuberculosis is the BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin) vaccine. In the early twentieth century Calmette and Guerin worked together to isolate a strain of the disease creating the first BCG vaccine. Throughout the century the scientists improved the BCG vaccine and today there are several different strains of the vaccine available. However, even today its full effects on the disease are unknown. The exploration of the effects of the vaccine, the best administration techniques, and who should be vaccinated continues. Throughout the Twentieth Century, Tuberculosis has impacted people around the world. While some countries see the impacts of tuberculosis less than others, the threat of this infectious disease looms across the horizon. Today, this organism affects one third of the population and is one of the most threatening of infectious diseases (NIAID, 2001). The BCG vaccine (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin), is administrated in many high risk countries to combat the disease. Although scientists have improved the vaccine throughout the nineteenth century and the vaccine helps to combat some tuberculosis, its prevention is still far from perfect. The BCG vaccine is formed from a live strain of Mycobacterium bovis (WHO, 2005). The Mycobacterium bovis strain is taken from cows. It is a relative of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which affects humans; however, Mycobacterium bovis affects cows and humans alike. Isolating a strain of this living organism... ...h. 7/25/2005: http://www.pedresearch.org/cgi/content/full/55/2/347 2. Fine, P. and Carneiro I. et al. (1999, November). Issues relating the use of BCG in immunization programmes. World Health Organization. 7/19/2005: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9943.pdf 3. Ginsberg A. (2001, January). Tuberculosis Vaccine. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 7/19/2005: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/tuberculosis/tbvaccine.htm 4. Keep Kids Healthy. (2001, April). Tuberculosis in Children. Keep Kids Healthy. 7/21/2005: http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/infectionsguide/tuberculosis.html 5. WHO. (2005). BCG-the current vaccine for tuberculosis. World Health Organization. 7/25/2005: http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/tb/vaccine_development/bcg/en/print.html 6. Yancey, D. 2001. Tuberculosis. Brookfield: Twenty-First Century Books.

Interpersonal Conflict in Movies (American Beauty) Essay

Interpersonal conflict is â€Å"a struggle that occurs when two people cannot agree on a way to meet their needs† (Beebe, Beebe & Redmond, 1999, p.248). Interpersonal conflict can be of love, spirituality, morals etc. In American Beauty (film), interpersonal conflicts are shown as reason to destroy household. Household that appears to be perfect and imaginary from outside, are moth-eaten from inside, owing its failure to interpersonal conflict within the family. Many characters versus character conflicts are shown like interpersonal conflict between Lester Burnham and her daughter Jane, between Angela and Jane, between Col Fitts and his son Ricky, unhappy marriages of Lester and Carolyn and that of Col Fitts and his silent wife, but the conflict between Lester Burnham and his wife Carolyn is of much importance as it was not handled properly.. Three types of conflict are shown in the Lester’s and Carolyn’s interpersonal conflict, namely pseudo conflict, simple con flict and ego conflict. Lester Burnham and his wife Carolyn are living in a pseudo environment where both hate the life in which they are living since the start of the movie. This conflict somehow seemed to last throughout the movie and was not handled properly regardless of the efforts made by the couple. The conflict between them was attributed to the egocentric attitude of Lester and Carolyn towards each other, seeds of lust and adultery, materialistic and pessimistic approach of Carolyn towards happiness and Lester’s lost of interest in the family. The couple should have encouraged healthy discussions in the family and should have avoided the show-off of fake life .As Scott suggests that conflict are more than just debates, or negotiations, in that they are an escalation of everyday competition and discussion into an arena of hostile or emotion provoking encounters that strain personal or interpersonal tranquility or both. During this conflict, they did not even realize how far it was taking them from their daughter Jane. Giving proper time to their daughter and family would have stopped the conflict from escalating. Seeds of adultery, cheating and lust took them away from each other. Carolyn viewed Lester as a loser. Carolyn view materialistic objects as success and Lester sees happiness as success. Lester’s normal life with a monotonous dead-end job and Carolyn’s hard luck in real estate because of pseudo-competition buddy â€Å"The King† Kane was depressing for the couple. The conflict within the couple multiplies day by day. Their physical distances added fuel to fire. Both are sexually frustrated and this was evident in routine fights even fight over song played during the dinner. However, intimate relation with each other would have protected Lester from his interest in Angela and that of Carolyn’s in Kane. Given that couple had focused on the inner beauty of life before than their focus on materialistic beauty (Lester finally realized), the interpersonal conflict would have resolved.