Differences in ethnic experiences of criminal justice system Essay Example for Free

Differences in cultural experiences of vicious justice arrangement attemptEthnic minorities, afro-Caribbeans and, to a lesser completion, Asians, are vastly over represented in official statistics for criminal anger, and convictions, just these statistics are not necessarily representative of what is real. An example of these statistics is that black people make up 2. 7% of the British population, and Asians 4. 7%, but black people make up 11% of the prison population, and Asians 6%. Experiences amongst different heathen groups who interact with the criminal justice system are still truly diverse.Whilst self-report studies show that vacuouss are much(prenominal) likely to offend than blacks and Asians even less likely (Indians 30%, Pakistanis 28% and Bangladeshis 13% according to Graham and Bowling) this does not represent the experiences of said pagan groups. The criminal justice system consists of a number of steps which include policing, complete and search, ar rests/cautions, prosecutions, trials, convictions, sentencing and prison and at each stage it appears that blacks, and more than recently Asians, are much more likely to face injustice, abuse or negativity indoors the criminal justice system.Phillips and Bowling note that since the 1970s many allegations of oppressive policing towards ethnic minorities have been barf forward with mass stop and search operations excessive surveillance, armed raids, police violence. With policies such as the Stop and Search and the Terrorism Act (2000), police officers may stop at any prison term or place, any vehicle or person and search them for any or no reasons, but the patterns of how these policies put to use are disproportionate towards ethnic minorities black people are 7 propagation likely to be stopped than whites, and Asians 3 times as likely.Police disproportionately using stop and search techniques against minority ethnic groups may be the result of police racism, which the Macphers on report of 1999 highlights. Institutional racism within the police force and its individual members may make officers more suspicious, weary and paranoid round ethnic minorities. This could in any case be the result of demography, ethnic minorities are over-represented in the social groupings most likely to be stopped and search, such as young, unemployed, working-class males. However this could simply reflect the differences in offending between ethnic groups.But more evidence for institutional racism towards certain ethnic groups appears when we canvass more, white people are given cautions for crimes much more often than blacks or Asians, arrest judge for blacks are 3. 6 times higher than for whites. This again indicates some kind of unfair or racial treatment however it could be the result of blacks or Asians being more likely to deny an law-breaking and look for legal advice out of mistrust for the police, leading to an eventual arrest, as we have already state that t hese minorities are more likely to be unfairly policed by officers.The mistrust of the system may to a fault result in ethnic minorities who go on trial opting for a jury. Although in contrast, 60% of white defendants found guilty as compared with only 52% of blacks and 44% of Asians, and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) more likely to drop cases against ethnic minorities. This suggests that police are bringing weak cases against ethnic minorities to court, thus being abandoned.Although this suggests a more fair treatment in regards to prosecution and conviction, it indicates police racism in forcing ethnic minorities into court for frivolous crimes. Ethnic groups such as blacks and Asians possibly have a much harder and more negatively perceived experience of the criminal justice system because they are subject to a administrate of discrimination, for instance in self-report studies when asked for the perpetrators ethnicity, many people would often guess black even if they ar ent sure, reinforcing the negative ethnic stereotype.Since the 9/11 attacks suspicions about Muslims have risen greatly, even though they cannot be justified on the large scale discrimination and prejudice they experience, this prejudice can often lead to over policing in ethnic minority areas, thus adding to the disparity in the criminal statistics, it may not be that these ethnic groups are committing more crime, it could just be that there are more police acting in a vigilant way around and towards these groups, so they are punished more harshly.It could be argued that if the same amount of vigilance and over-policing was applied to white communities equally, the statistics may equalize. Whilst it is clear that Blacks and Asians are overrepresented in criminal statistics, the extent of this remains to be seen, it is possible that the reality is that those ethnic groups, on average, do commit more crimes than others, it is also possible this is false.

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity Es sayStereotypes have costed in a very long time, and approximately everyone has stereotyped a person or has been considered as belonging to a particular group of stereotypes. alone what is a stereotype actu aloney? Stereotyping is a way to group races or individuals together and make a judgment well-nigh them, without even be intimateing them. Its a belief about a sure social group or type of individuals. Stereotypes can be positive, however stereotypes be most oft associated with negativity.Stereotypes very much exist about cultures and countries as a whole, and it makes it easier to define a country or race, if you govern them in specific groups. Almost every country or race has a stereotype. There exist infinitely many different stereotypes. As said before, they exist based groups and race, but excessively on gender and age. There are common stereotypes, which is about and between the cultures. Some common stereotype examples are, that all(pren ominal) Asians have high IQs or somber populate are everlastingly connected to crime and violence.Its grouping the race together saying that every Asian person is smart and every black person is criminal. Another type of stereotyping is the individual, which is about skaters, emos, gangsters and so on. Emos are stereotyped as being low people, who listen to sad music and cut themselves. Individual stereotypes are most between teenagers and in the schools, because junior people want to make one group or person superior and above some other group or person.Stereotypes are not just about different races and backgrounds however. Gender and ago stereotypes also exist in our society. For example, if you say that men are better than women, youre stereotyping all men and all women. The invention of stereotypes has come naturally though time. When we see persons we dont know, we automatically begin to found them in different groups in our head. It makes us believe we actually know them better or know what type of persons they are. An example can be a person from the Middle East, because many people often connect them with only troubles and thefts.In that way we personally feel more safety, because then we might say to ourselves that we have to take care and be more careful about what to say so in that location wont be any problems. On the other hand our thoughts about stereotypes arent always detrimental. We say that Italian are great cooks and make delicious food, which is a positive stereotype about Italy. ThereforeIda Jessen og Rikke Hemmingsen HH1C Silkeborg Handelsgymnasiet arent stereotypes the same as prejudices.Stereotypes are often exaggerated and funny and prejudices are only negative opinions about people and things. Stereotypes always appear negative in the medias. Again were comparing with the people from the Middle East. When there has been a crime and theyre talking about it in the medias, it has always been told forte and clear if its immigrate s who had make a crime. On the other hand when its a local anesthetic person, it has never been told. Therefore we actually compare stereotypes with only bad things, because thats how it has been appeared in the medias and it affects us, but stereotypes are often fun.

“Dreamland” & Islan Essay Example for Free

Dreamland Islan EssayIn the book, Dreamland (Baker, 2000), the power Kevin Baker tells somewhat Coney Island and the lower eastside of new York City, where there are rough individualists, such(prenominal) as gangsters who be sick the discipline. I standardizedd the main character, Kid Twist is a European immigrant, and he comes to the rescue of an individual when a gangster, by the name of Gyp the Blood is prepared to kill a small son delivering newspapers in New York City. The sad part of the taradiddle was that this gangster wanted to kill this child for fun. It was nameless that the small male child wasnt really a boy he was a man. He was dodge the Dwarf a small midget who only dresses up like a young boy and in behind a hotel, Trick the Dwarf hides Kid Twist and that is where he discovers another character, by the name of Esther Abramowitz who is a poor seamstress. Kid Twist falls in love with this woman This story, which was pref successionbly amusing, takes sp otlight during the turn-of-the-century and creatively introduces many fascinating characters that make this story so memorable.There are women who go on strike, which fits in nice with Esther Abramowitz, who is a labor agitator and Trick even tried to entice Mad Carlotta, who was only three feet tall but he found her to be very attractive, when she give tongue to that she was the Empress of Mexico. Esther Abramowitz is rebelling against her Russian-Jewish ex-rabbi parent and she is set on the idea of being a union organizer. Esther Abramowitz seemed like a dandy leader and one that had a remarkable imagination.The author is very descriptive with words when he tells us more or less Freuds trip to America and about the Triangle Factory Fire in this history about immigration, and it was interesting to discover the hope that was available in America from many different types of personalities. The author is able to describe various traits in individuals from all sorts of backgrounds in their quest for Dreamland which is of course, The United States of America. oversized Tim Sullivan was extremely aggressive.He was the Irish-American State Senator who was a corrupt Tammany Hall boss and he seemed very tainted when he used bribes and many other undesirable ways of gaining what he wanted in ball club to rule in his position, in New York City. Lazar Abramowitz is Esthers brother and he tries to have his babys boyfriend, who is Kid Twist, murdered by a thug. In Dreamland, it seemed like a mystify to relax and fantasize, which is an amusement park in Coney Island and a place that symbolizes a better and happier place to be.Trick the Dwarf is in his favorite land, where he is free to be likened unto Romeo with his clever charm and personality, age he continually seeks out the love of a woman to cure his loneliness. Dreamland focused on many different ethnic cultures and events and talks about the Jews and the Irish in their pursuit of the all American dream, of finding wealth, success and happiness in a better land in an uncontrollable era that takes place around the year 1910.Theres a nice touch of comedy in this story that keeps it interesting, while it still is able to tell a story of tragedy. Kid Twist was rather the amusing character who is an enforcer for the gangster, Gyp the Blood and when Kid Twist leaves Gyp the Blood, his boss is hurt from a shovel that leaves him bleeding in a dark basement on the Lower eastmost Side of New York City. Kid Twist had no other choice, I guess, but to flee the area and hide away in the city of Brooklyn, New York with his friend Trick the Dwarf.I found this story to be interesting but morbid, at times. The characters made me feel sorry for them because some of them just seemed outrageously hopeless in their venture at finding the American dream. The author was successful in make me feel thankful for the American dream that I already possess and I did have to sympathize with some of the immigran ts from Ireland and other countries in this story, who lived such a rough life, while trying to gain something much in life, including power, love and money, while using murder and corruption as some of their tools.The story emitted a carnival atmosphere throughout the reading, and it was impossible to determine what new strain of character possessing some kind of personality or appearance flaw, would appear. The bowery bars and opium dens were depressing and it gave me a bad outlook of New York City in that time frame. It made New York City seem like a dreadfully dangerous place to live.The story really did come together in the end, and although I was shocked and horrendous by some of the crazy events that took place in this book, it was never boring or unclear about the meaning behind the story. The author was able to entertain me with his vivid imagination and his insight on a group of diverse people, all coming together in New York City, all looking for something that they n eeded, like Esther Abramowitz, who fell in love with a gangster and she was able to get something important from a pitiful which was someone to love her back.I feel that this story focused on many different categories, such as economic exploitation, corruption and racism in our society of a mingled mix that makes up the warming pot of our nation. I learned so much about history and Geography from this story as the author described different locations and events that took place in that era of time. I got a better view of what gangsters were like, back then, as well.It was hard to believe that so much criminal action took place in the year 1910. The author was very successful at describing the criminal underworld with the prostitution and gang activity that surrounded the area. This story did prove that people are capable of doing almost anything in able to support and it was quite clear that most wanted to do live in America, the land of hope and dreams. fictitious character Pa ge Baker, Kevin. (2000). Dreamland. Harper Perennial.

Curriculum Development Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Development shew1. What is K-12 programme? What is the rationale of K-12 syllabus? K- 12 is a designation for the sum of primary and secondary fostering. It is apply in the United States, Canada, Philippines and Australia. It means kindergarten and the twelve years of componentary and secondary education. The kindergarten refers to the 5-year old unit that takes a standardized kinder course of study. The elementary education refers to primary schooling that involves six or seven years of education and the secondary education refers to high school. The main purpose of K-12 Program is to provide sufficient time for supremacy of concepts and skills, develop lifelong square offers, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills culture, employment, and entrepreneurship.The outcome goals of the K-12 Basic Education Program is to fox Philippine education standards to be at balance with international standards, to create more emotionally vaned graduates equipped with technical and vocational skills who are better prepared for work, middle level skills development and high education, to make the educational inputs significantly addressed shortages or gaps, to make the progression of basic education outcomes broadened and reinforced the stakeholder support, to improve internal efficiency, system of governance in the department and quality of teachers. 2. Essentialists point of view of political platform development?The curriculum is a crucial component of both educational process. It addresses questions such as what students should learn and be able to do, why, how, and how well. In the past, the curriculum was designed merely from the perspective of its cultural transmission functions with its organize consequently reflecting discrete areas of knowledge. According to Kern it is possible to use a six- bill approach to curriculum development for Medical Education 1. Problem identification and world-wide needs assessme ntThe most important step is the first one, the general needs assessment (GNA). The goal of step 1 is to focus the curriculum, by delineate the deficits in knowledge, attitude, or skills that currently exist in practitioners and the ideal approach to teaching and learning these objectives. When completed, the GNA makes a strong argument for the need for the curriculum and identifies potential educational investigate questions.2. Needs assessment of targeted learnersThe general needs assessment is applied to targeted learners. What kind of doctor do we want to educate it depends mostly on social needs but it can reflect job opportunities, financial rewards and attitudes acquired during process of studding. Sometimes it is genuinely difficult to make balance between these several needs. Needs can be obtained on contrasting ways. It can be done through study of errors in practice. It is very difficult to design curriculum which will fully meet the needs of society and students3. Go als and objectivesInstitution should define overall goals and aims for the curriculum. Specific mensural knowledge, skill/ performance, attitude, and process objectives should be stated for the curriculum.4. Educational strategiesIt is necessary to make a plan how to maximise the impact of the curriculum, which content should be included, how content should be organized and with which educational methods, how elements of curriculum should communicate, what kind of educational environment and climate should be developed. Content which is included mustiness provide to student critical thinking. It must be selected and organized on the way to initiate critical approach to facts and development skill of schooling retrieval.5. ImplementationA plan for implementation, including timelines and resources required, should be created. A plan for faculty development is made to recite consistent implementation. 6. Evaluation and feedback Evaluation of curriculum presents the final stage in side cyclic process of improvement and development of curriculum. 3. Why develop a curriculum? Ever since the term curriculum was added to educators vocabularies, it has seemed to convey umpteen things to many a(prenominal) people. To some, curriculum has denoted a specific course, while to others it has meant the entire educational environment. Whereas perceptions of the term may vary, it must be recognized that curriculum encompasses more than a simple definition.Curriculum is a key element in the educational process its scope is extremely broad, and it touches virtually everyone who is involved with teaching and learning. In no other area has greater emphasis been placed upon the development of curricula that are relevant in cost of student and community needs and substantive outcomes. The career and technical and technical curriculum focuses not exactly on the educational process but also on the tangible results of that process. This is only one of many reasons why the caree r and technical and technical curriculum is distinctive in relation to other curricular areas and why career and technical education curriculum planners must have a sound arrangement of the curriculum development process. 4. What to consider in curriculum development?In planning and developing a curriculum, you should consider the following1. Convening a Curriculum Development CommitteeSuch a committee, consisting to begin with of teachers who represent the various schools and grade levels in a district, administrators, members of the public and perhaps students, becomes the driving force for curriculum change and the long-term process of implementing the curriculum. It is critical that an effective, knowledgeable and respected chairperson lead such a committee and it includes knowledgeable and committed members who gradually become the districts de facto experts during the development phases of the process as well as the implementation phases.2. Identifying Key Issues and Trends in the Specific Content Area The first step in any curriculum development process involves research that reviews recent issues and trends of the discipline, both within the district and across the nation. This research allows a curriculum committee to identify key issues and trends that will support the needs assessment that should be conducted and the philosophy that should be developed.3. Assessing Needs and IssuesCurriculum development should be viewed as a process by which meeting student needs leads to improvement of student learning. Regardless of the theory or model followed, curriculum developers should gather as much data as possible. This information should include the desired outcomes or expectations of a high quality program, the role of assessment, the current status of student achievement and actual program content. The information should also consider the concerns and attitudes of teachers, administrators, parents and students. The data should include samples of asse ssments, lessons from teachers, assignments, scores on state standardized tests, textbooks currently used, student perception and feedback from parents.

Eli Whitney Essay Example for Free

Eli Whitney EssayEli Whitney (1765-1825) was a mechanical wizard. While travelling in the s let outh, he became acquainted with the problem of removing the seeds from cotton. Enormous numbers of slaves were employed move the seeds out by hand. Eli Whitney spent a whole two weeks on this ch onlyenge and invented the cotton disunite. He patented the trick and went on to capitalize on his invention by opening a factory to gain ground cotton side drums. It ended in bankruptcy. The failure of Eli Whitney to make his fortune on the cotton gin was due primarily to the very simplicity of the design of the machine. Once the initial shipments of Whitneys cotton gin arrived on the cotton plantations of the southmost, entrepreneurial individuals pried off the top and peered inside. What they saw was eminently copiableand copy they did. The Patent Office in Washington wasnt eager to send agents into the atomic number 16 to enforce Eli Whitneys patent rights, and he couldnt obtain l egal cure in the court system, so he eventually walked away from his invention. Business students, in common with all students, are told non to copy. Copying is dishonourable and deserving of dismissal. They graduate and enter a world in which copying is endemic.A new humor is not the property of its originator be private road everyone copies in all areas of assembly line. If a firm discovers a more efficient way of doing something, it will be copied. If a firm discovers a more effective way of marketing a product, it will be copied. If a firm discovers a more efficacious way of financing its expansion, it will be copied. Copying is critical in savvy the nature of the business cycle. Copying contributes to the ups and downs of the business cycle by directing larger enthronizations into new areas than would choke if copying were not so endemic.The building of a greater number of factories than is necessary is a backwash of copying that helps to keep the good times good. (Ran dall Bartlett, 1998). On the early(a) side of the coin, copying dejection cause businesses to dedicate too much productive capacity to new products. When all the investments are completed and the have productive capacity of a thou and one copyists is brought to bear on the market, all the copyists have for their efforts are huge unsold inventories and excessive productive capacity.Then they copy one anformer(a) again by collectively slashing production to try to keep inventories in line with sales. This type of copying helps to wriggle good times into bad. One might expect that patent protection should limit copying. However, if what is organism copied is a strategy for marketing or making financial deals, there is no patent infringement because an idea cannot be patented. flat copyrights on computer software have been difficult to enforce because a weapons platform can be essentially copied by rewriting it with minor editorial changes, such as call something X that was call ed Y in the original program.Patents on products and processes are enforceable within a presumptuousness nation, but they are more difficult to enforce in the international arena. Thus, a firm can spend millions to develop a new product and find itself in the position of not being able to recoup its research and development expenditures because copies are being imported from foreign copiers that do not have to outlay the goods on the basis of recouping the initial RD expense. The globalization of manufacturing facilities and free trade has proved to be a boon for copyists.The simplicity of the cotton gin, the ease of copying it, and Whitneys sad return on his investment in his invention are of interest in understanding the role of copying in the business cycle. But the real point of this discussion is Eli Whitney on the comeback trail. Whitney obtained a government contract to make ten thousand muskets. The contract presumed that he would make the muskets in the way that all muske ts, and everything else, were made. In the bungalow industry of the day, a musket was assembled by an individual who made a barrel, a stock, a flintlock, a trigger, and the other mechanical split.As each part was made, it was filed to fit the rest of the components making up the musket. The result of this humor of production was that each particular part of a musket was unique. A flintlock made for a musket could not be removed and interchanged with the flintlock of another musket and be expected to work. The parts were not exchangeable without advertise filing because they were not uniform in design and would not fit together properly. Each musket was, in effect, tailor made to its own set of specifications. (David Burner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Virginia Bernhard, 1991).To fill his contract with the government, Eli Whitney built a factory abutting New Haven, Connecticut, in 1798, that was unique in several respects. Water-powered machines were designed to replace human effor t as much as possible. The machines were dedicated to the manufacture of the individual component parts of a specified design, rather than each part being individually handmade. In other words, Eli Whitney was substituting machine labour for manual(a) labour, thereby increasing the productivity of labour. In Whitneys factory, the parts produced were of sufficiently close tolerances to be interchangeable.Quality run was introduced to ensure that the flintlock of one musket would be interchangeable with the flintlock of another with no additional filing. Eli Whitneys harmony system had at its core the idea of manufacturing ten thousand barrels, ten thousand stocks, ten thousand flintlocks, ten thousand trigger mechanisms, ten thousand whatever, all of sufficiently close tolerances to be interchangeable without additional filing. The parts were manufactured first, and the completed musket was assembled later. Whitneys uniformity system was the forerunner of todays assembly line.Eli Whitney gave to modern nightspot the most productive means of manufacture known to mankind. There are those who can point to the fact that he did not originate the idea, that it had antecedents in Europe. That is true and bears about as much weight as the fact that Christopher Columbus was not the first European to discover America. Leif Ericsson may, or may not, have been first. Even if Ericsson was first, what does that do to take away from Columbus achievement? It was the discovery of America by Columbus that counts.The nations of join and South America owe their existence to Columbus explorations, not to Ericssons. The same holds true for Whitneys uniformity system. more than than any other individual, he popularized the idea of Adam Smiths specialization of labour. Eli Whitney vastly increased the productivity of his vary labour force by replacing tools with machines and by introducing quality control measures to ensure that the interchangeable parts were indeed interchang eable. His water-powered factory in New Haven was the progenitor of many such plants in the Union states. Daniel A. Wren, Ronald G. Greenwood, 1999).Eli Whitney affected the course of the development of the United States in two quite unintentional ways. The removal of the cotton seeds by the cotton gin rather than by a slaves fingers had a dramatic impact on the profitability of growing cotton in the South. One might conclude that the price of slaves would fall with the invention of the cotton gin because the labour required to remove the seeds from the cotton was nearly eliminated. Was there no other impact that might have turned out to be true?But the cotton gin made cotton growing much more profitable because the slaves could dedicate more of their time to pose and harvesting the cotton rather than to removing its seeds. Nothing did more to spread the growing of cotton in the South than did the cotton gin. As new areas of the South were brought under cultivation, there was a gr eater demand for slaves. The price of slaves increased, and the institution of slavery, which was actually waning at the time of the invention of the cotton gin, was given new life. The South embarked on a path of agriculture based on slave labour.In the North, just the blow occurred. Whitneys factory in New Haven was a cause of the Norths embarking on a path of industrialization, based, as some would assert, on wage-slave labour. As in the South, Eli Whitney himself had no pretensions of embarking on anything. He invented the cotton gin and move to make a buck from his invention. When that failed, he devised the uniformity system to make a buck out of a government contract. Nevertheless, the social repercussions of his contributions to technology had a significant impact on the history of the nation. (John G. Blair, 1988).

Kurt Weill And Weimar Germany Music Essay

Kurt Weill And Weimar Ger some Music EssayKurt Weill b Dessau, 2 evidence 1900 d New York, 3 April 1950 was a German composer and an American citizen from 1943. He was among the prominent composers following the forlornness of World War I, and a significant figure in the evolution of contemporary forms of harmonyal field of study. His flourish and influential work for Broadway during the 1940s was a development in comm angiotensin-converting enzymer terms of the exploratory demo works that had made him one of the world-kinsperson avant-garde theatre composers of the Weimar Republic. Weills music and the Weimar Republics influence can non be mute without understanding the governmental, historical, economic and cultural aspects of the Weimar Republic, and similarly a brief history of his life during the Weimar Republic.Kurt Weill grew up in a devout Jewish family in the quarter in Dessau, Germany, (Sandvorstadt) where his father was a cantor. By fester twelve, Kurt Weill had st arted piano lessons and it was during this time that he attempted writing music. By 1915 Weill was being privately tutored in composition, piano, music theory and conducting and with this training, in 1918 he enrolled at the Berliner Hochschule fr Musik at the age of 18, where he study composition with Engelbert Humperdinck, conducting with Rudolf Krasselt and counterpoint with Friedrich E. Koch. Due to hardships in the aftermath of WW1 he stopped his studies and during this time, he composed an orchestral suite in E-flat major, Schilflieder, a cycle of five tenors to poems by Nikolaus Lenau and a symphonic poem of Rilkes The point of the Love and Death of Cornet Christopher Rilke as well as. From 1921 -1923 Weill returned to Berlin to study with Ferruccio Busoni, and on November 18, 1922, his pantomime for children start Zaubernacht (The misrepresentation Night) premiered at the Theater am Kurfrstendamm it was the first public concert of any of Weills works in tuneful theater theatre.While Weill was studying music a period of semipolitical, economic and social turbulence was occurring. Following Germanys overtake in the First World War and the abdication of the Kaiser, a democratic republic was forced on the German people by US president Woodrow Wilson and his fourteen points. The new government had the responsibility of sign the treaty of Versailles and the new government would always be accountable for all the issues that Germany faced, which when the aftermath of the war spend would be many. Backed by the legend of dolchstoss (stab-in-the-back) the German people hated the Weimar government and attributed all their troubles to the republic. Hyper-inflation, reparations, way out of the Rhineland, dependence on foreign loans and pressure from extreme right and left wing political parties were find aspects of the turbulence experience in the Weimar Republic, but above all was the treaty of Versailles. It is this treaty that has multiple historians, Bessel (1990), W.Conze (1954), K.Borchardt (1982), theorising that the Weimar political system was doomed to failure because of its association with the treaty and the knowledge that signing it was a betrayal of the German people and their values.While Weimar Germany was politically and economically unstable, Weimar culture (the aspect that Kurt Weill was directly involved with), was one of the almost progressive and vibrant in the world during the years of 1919 to 1933. The republic was considered by the majority of Europe as a place of greater sexual liberty and acceptance. In particular, Berlin, became a thriving centre of many new art movements such as expressionism. Its status in the world of the arts was of the same if not greater importance so New York after 1945.Cultural freedom in Weimar was not widely accepted by all. To the right, the new Weimar culture was repugnant, immoral and self-indulgent and produced and image of Weimar that encouraged new political and social thinking. The abundance of composers and performers that were associated with the communist party, which had become a fashionable aspect of intellectual Europe, violated handed-down aspects of German culture, (this would later be restored during the Nazi regime with the introduction of censorship of composers like Kurt Weill). In the post-war Weimar Republic, a more realistic view of art was obtained, which influenced a cle arr sense of the artists social/moral abilities. The war had killed aestheticism and the musical world had already been stripped to its foundations, Weimar did not need traditional music. Kurt Weill provides an insight into this view,I have scantily bided to you music by Wagner and his followers. You have seen that this music consists of so many notes that I was unable to defend them all. You would have liked now and then to join singing the tune, but this proved impossible. You also admit that the music made you sleepy, and drunk, as alcohol or an intoxicat ing drug might have done. You do not wish to go to sleep. You wish to hear music that can be understood without explanation. You believably wonder why your parents attend concerts. It is, with them, a mere matter of habit nowadays there are matters of greater interest to us all and if music cannot serve the interest of all, its existence is not drawn-out justified.Despite the social freedom, the noticeable representation of Jews in the new artistic movements of Weimar raised this hostility. As an wishful musician Kurt Weill rapidly became a feature in the ener rushic artistic scene of 1920s Berlin. In 1922 he joined the Novembergruppe, a group of left-wing Berlin artists that included Hanns Eisler and Stefan Wolpe. They mainly performed the works of modernist composers like Berg, Schoenberg,Hindemith, Stravinsky and Krenek. He had some early successes, but it was his partnership with Brecht that changed Weill into an international sensation.Weimar is truly represented in Die Drei groschenoper or The Threepenny Opera which debuted on 31 August 1928 at Berlins Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The 1928 play is an version of the original English Eighteenth-century play, The Beggars Opera written by John Gay. Brechts and Weill had heard of the English play, and thought it was something that could be adapted for the people of Weimar. They found character in its promising political themes so they had The Beggars Opera translated into German for them. With newly discovered Marxist theory in mind, another aspect of Weimars extreme political spectrum, Brecht and Weill then rewrote the play, creating what was to become the the hit of the season.The new German title was an allusion to the meagre tot up of wealth with which the working class could use to see theatrical performances. This epic theatre style was performed in the round, evocative surroundings of Shakespeares ground Theatre with its style also aimed at its working class audience. The name references not only the outlay of admission, thus the economic status of the Weimar Republic, but is also alludes to the political issues of capitalism national socialism and the working class on which the play itself is based.It was ironic that while Brecht attempted to make a social definition on the evils of capitalism, the musical score composed by Weill became an immediate success across Germany. Its jazzy features and crispy satire were fuel enough the make it provoke love among the Weimar jazz fans of the day and Weimars obscesion with America. The character Mackie Messe is the anti-protagonist of the play and only one of the countless colourful performances of Brechts original play. However, Weills original score did not include this fashionable jazz hit until only a few days before opening night. The actor execute Mackie Messe refused to go on unless his character received an appropriate introduction for his character. It was in haste that the lyrics to the introductory song describing Ma ckies despicable crimes was penned. (theatre and Art, 2010)The Mahagonny opera is most probably to the best-known of Weills works from the Weimar period, its historical affect defines, alongside that of Die Dreigroschenoper, as the most frequently performed works of musical theatre of the Weimar Period. Here Weill alluded to a large amount of found-art, from broadside ballads and parlour melodies to operatic recitative and ensemble-finales. The song forms, for which the work has become rightly renowned, are simply one aspect of the score whose strength lies in the stylistic levels as much on its cautiously selected physical body of the emotional and the sarcastic alusions. Weills handling of the band was immediately recognized as definitive for jazz instrumentality in art music, and his use of harmonizations came to be a feature not only with his own uncomparable voice but with the Weimar jazz age as a whole.Weill had become the most recognised theatre composer to have emerged in the Weimar Republic. This fact, regardless of his Jewish ancestry and leftist political standings, was inevitable that they would become force out targets when the Weimar Republic started to collapse in 1929. The unruly premire of Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny in Leipzig in 1930 was the lead up to a determined movement to drive his works from the state-subsidized theatres. By the start of the 1932-1933 season this campaign had more often than not achieved its ends despite the critical and public acclaim for his opera Die Brgschaft (1930-32), the most ambitious of his pieces for the German stage, the work was shunned by most theatres. The enthusiastic reception given to a concert of his music at the Salle Gaveau in Paris (December 1932) confirmed his feeling that he should do more to promote his works right(prenominal) Germany. (Kurt Weill, 2010)Like the majority of the Jewish artistic population, Weill continually misapprehended various political developments, believing that Weimar could not get worse and would only get better. Upon learning that he and his wife were officially on the Nazi blacklist, at which stage the Nazis had gained power, and were due to be arrested, so in March 1933 he crossed the border to France, salve hoping that his stay in Paris would be temporary. It is clear that Kurt Weill was influenced by the social, economic and political characteristics of the Weimar Republic. Like so many artists, director and composers he was affected by the political and economic instability of the Republic and in response used his music to comment on social change. His major works, particularly Die Dreigroschenoper (the tuppeny opera) were popular during Weimar (until the Nazi regime) because they represented and were influence by the society and politics of Weimar Germany.

Towards Self Reliance In Defence Research Economics Essay

Towards ego Reliance In defensive structure Research Economics EssayThe idea of egotism-importance-reliance is important even immediately. However, effrontery does non imply pursuing a indemnity of autarky. It does not mean cutting ourselves away from the world. liberty in the modern world implies the ability to pursue anes interests with self-confidence and faith in angiotensin-converting enzymes let capabilities. We do not apply to pursue self-reliance by doing everything ourselves. We after part, indeed, pursue greater self-reliance by creating inter-relationships of inter-dep balanceence that enhance our negociate power. Greater interaction with the world can in fact enhance a nations self-reliance by creating a web of mutu totallyy beneficial inter-relationships.1 Dr Manmohan SinghBuy Indian and Make Indian is going to be the major comp peerlessnt of our procural policy. That will back up us to do a salubrious demurrer industrial base in India.2-A.K. Antony, D efence MinisterIntroduction1. The blossoming Indian economy is desist pacing into the 21st century with the potential of being an economic superpower. Spurred by economic re miscellaneas and the impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation, India, is really on the verge of carving its own niche in the world.2. An economic superpower must in alike(p) manner be a legions super power, in terms of Military ability and strength. There should as nearly be a dependable and reliable endemical vindication industrial base. A surface ara which is self reliant and independent in its military requirements, and then, also has approach path to expertly advanced capability can truly be termed as military superpower. The establishment of a well developed defensive structure industrial base is of primitive importance to whatsoever emerging super power. Focus should be on capability phylogeny followed by numeral egress, not the other way round. A clear to a abase plac estanding and acknowledgement of the requirements and needs of the fortify forces and ensuring that the requirements are met within the stipulated quantify, in a cost effective manner, should be the primary goal of any disproof industrial base and the determinant of its success.Indias Defence industrial Base. A historic perspective3. Pre Independence. The pre-independence defending team-industrial infrastructure in India consisted of 18 Ordnance Factories (OFs)3, popularly catering to repair and overhaul as well as to supplement weapons and equipment produced in Britain. During this period India was never allowed to develop core competencies in industrial diddle.4. Post Independence. Since independence the Indian leadership aimed at light uponing self-sufficiency in entire domain of vindication output and to achieve this Indias industrial policies4emphasized core industries (including falsification arena) to be taken care of by the central government and others by the acress. As a impression eight Defence Public empyrean Units (DPSUs) infra exclusive control of the government were devoted to increaseion of different military systems and components. Defence accomplishment Organisation (DSO) was established at that time to take up challenges of undertaking RD activities. DRDO was formed in 1958 from the uniting of the then already functioning developmental establishments with the DSO. DRDO then comprised of 10 establishments or laboratories which has now grown into a network of over 50 laboratories through and throughout India5.5. Post 1962 war License production, direct purchase and acquirements remained the preponderating form of supply for the Indian defence force forces. This resulted in a gap of nearly three decades in Indias effort toward autochthonal production which was especially evident in the fields of design and development, which constitutes the upper spectrum of self reliance. A fighter aircraft between Marut and the Light C ombat Aircraft (LCA), a basic trainer aircraft between HT-2 and HPT- 32, an mediocre trainer between Kiran and an yet-to-be experty developed Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) are some of the examples that intend two the engineering and production gaps6.6. Trends in 1980s and 1990s. This was the period when Cold War came to an end and globose defence expenditure rose to an all time high in 1987 and then fell shrewdly during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Also, there was a rise in low intensity conflicts lawlessness, crimes and act of terrorism was spreading manifold. This was also the time countries were opening up their economies and the globalization era commenced. This period was the starting put of major defence acquisitions from abroad coupled with major initiatives in innate defence production, including RD activities. The clear production of Jaguars and MiG- 27M was condensen by HAL7. Also endemical development of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Advanced Light Helicopter (A LH) and important fighting Tank(MBT) Arjun were speeded up by DRDO. achievement of missiles developed under Integrated Guided Missile growing Programme (IGMDP), through Bharat dynamics Limited (BDL) commenced. Hence, during this period India had been able to initiate a number of projects for indigenous development. However, fructification of these projects was accompanied by inordinate delays and technological gaps.7. The mainstay of armed forces was met through substantial arms acquisition from abroad principally due to slow progress in our indigenous design and development activities as also the inability to keep pace with the global state-of-art technologies in the defence sedulousness. With the change in surround after nuclear explosions by India and Pakistan and the Kargil conflict, the country had to give a re-look to its defence strategy including its objective of achieving self-reliance in defence industry.8. Defence Industry in 21st Century Soon after the slackening of the economy, the defence industry started realizing the importance of civil military interaction in the industrial vault of heaven to attain near self-reliance. Coupled with changes at institutional and organizational levels as recommended by the Group of Ministers Committee key out on Reforming the National Security System, is the most important policy shift in the defence-industrial empyrean allowing deoxycytidine monophosphate% private sector alliance and 26% by Foreign get Investment (FDI)8. Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has been instrumental in influencing such(prenominal) a marked change in policy. While these far-reaching institutional and policy-oriented changes have been underway for quite some time, the demand for private corporation has assumed significance in late(a) years.Trends in Global Defence Industry9. The global defence industry has undergone profound changes in late years. The massive military build up by many countries during the Cold War e ra fuelled greater demand for military weapons and systems. However, immediate post Cold War period witnessed the inverse trend in demand for military weapons and systems resulting in reduction in budgetary allocation in the defence sector. This resulted in many smaller companies either to merge with big ones or to shift their priorities towards civilian production, thus deviation the defence sector. Mergers and acquisitions during this period resulted in creation of a few giant companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, British Aerospace, Northrop Grumman, EADS and others. The military expenditure again witnessed upward trend since 1999 and this is likely to continue in future9. As procurement budgets have started to swell again and are likely to stay that way, juvenile opportunities are expected for the defence industry. In the changing conflict scenario, there has been an upward trend in the LIC, insurgency, terrorism, OOAC etc as a result of which the global defence industry aft er a period of significant downsizing and rationalization has entered into a phase of renewed attention.Indias Defence Industry.10. Post Cold War era, the changing trends in the global defence industry had affected Indian defence industry in many ways. The era of economic easiness since 1991 has resulted in indigenous build-up of technological base in the IT, communication, electronics, automobile sectors etc. Since, all acquisitions in the knightly and process upto mid 90s were either outright purchase or linked with license production, what best the DPSUs or the OFs could gain was expertise in production which was entirely dependent on the assemblies and Semi knock stilt Kits (SKD) or sub assemblies imported from the Original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The real engineering science transfer aimed at enhancing the indigenous development was missing in all the deals cover under License Production and Transfer of engine room (TOT). However, the most far reaching change that h as impacted the Indias defence industrial sector is the opening up of this sector for private participation. The objectives are manifold viz., reduction of defence imports from current levels of 70 per centum, increase in defence exports, enhance the indigenous RD skill level and infrastructure to produce technologically advanced state of the art equipment within the time frames specified. Coupled with the economic liberalization and opening up of the defence sector to private companies was linked the problem of licensing and requirement of contradictory direct investment in the defence sector. In January 2001, the GOI initiated a series of major initiatives that included Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to about 26 percent and full private participation in certain sectors in the defence industry.Shift from Self Sufficiency to Self-Reliance11. Since independence the Indias industrial policies outlined in Industry Policy Resolution of 1948 and 1951 was aimed at achieving self suf ficiency in defence production. Towards this the government invested heavily in scientific and technological institutions both educational-such as the IITs, and research and development institutes such as the CSIR, ICAR, DAE, DoS, ICMR, DRDO so as to develop a strong technological base. However, the countrys defence was neglected, as was evident in 1962 war. With a weak Defence-Industrial Base (DIB), the policies to maximize production in order to attain self-sufficiency in the defence sector although were considered farsighted, did not match expectations, thus leading to shift of focus from self-sufficiency model to self reliance model post 1962 war.12. Self-reliance in its true sense does not preclude accessing external sources for technology and systems, or external help in any stage of the production cycle. Hence, self-reliance as far as India was concerned, meant apart from Indias own production base for support a degree of dependence on reliable foreign sources for access to technologies, supply of components and complete systems was desirable. These were materialized by meeting urgent and immediate demands through imports form abroad succession simultaneously striving for indigenous capabilities in defence production. Although Indias main focus on imports was from western countries like UK, France, Sweden these countries were reluctant in supplying defence equipment to India post 1962 war with China. Indias quest for self reliance got a major boost when Russia (erstwhile USSR) agreed to Licence production by India for various defence equipment acquired by India form Russia. These Licence production of aircraft, battle armored combat vehicle, arms and ammunition were undertaken by various DPSUs as well as OFs. However, the only thing that lost its focus in the bargain was the transfer of technology aimed at enhancing indigenous production and RD activities. The outcome of this is obvious, as witnessed in the LCA program, MBT Arjun, aero engine Kaveri to name a few. In spite of having produced aircraft, tanks and aero engines under license production the organizations touch on in the production could hardly assimilate and nurture the technology need to supplement our own indigenous efforts. Probably the focus of these organizations was more towards production rather than indigenization.Defence Industrial Policy13. The defence industrial policy was aimed at establishing a strong and self sufficient defence industrial base (DIB). The objective was to have thrust in indigenous production and exploring possibilities of exports to other maturation nations that may look forward to supplies from India.14. In spite of being more focused to numeral growth or production than on the capability development (RD), India has made rapid strides in defence technology in upstart ultimo and reached a stage of some level of self-reliance. The existing potential of the country in defence production, in the form of resource capability, know-how and technical expertise, could not be exploited to its full due to lack of clear cut defence policy. However, since liberalization of the economy in 1991 there has been change magnitude civil military interaction. The changes in the defence production policy indicates the intention to involve the private sector in defence RD and production through licensing and indirect opening of the defence industrial sector to foreign companies through FDI and the offset arrangement. Our defence industrial policy10since independence broadly consists of the following-Maximization of indigenous production.Licence production of those equipments which are available and can be obtained from abroad.Direct procurement of those equipments not covered above, but considered essential for ensuring the security.Indigeneous Production15. To promote indigenous production 8 DPSUs and 40 OFs were established. Also DRDO comprising of a network of 50 labs was formed to undertake RD in the field of defence weapons , systems and equipment.Ordnance factories. At the end of the WW2 Indias defence industrial capacity amounted to 18 ordnance factories, a clothing establishment, and an aircraft production plant and the new government subsequently inherited this capability. Post independence this continued till 1958 after which the ordnance factories were steady expanded. The war against China in 1962 prompted a further expansion in Indias ordnance capability and today the country has 39 ordnance factories. They were reinforced to meet the growing needs of Indias armed forces over the past 60 years.The Indian Ordnance Factories Organisation (OFO) is currently the largest departmentally run industrial undertaking in the country. The 39 OFs are government units producing armaments under five categories11Ammunition and explosivesWeaponsVehicles and equipmentArmoured vehicles andOrdnance equipment (other military supplies, including general stores).Defence Public Sector Undertakings. The eight defence p ublic sector undertakings (DPSUs) are public-sector corporations managed by the Indian government. The defence PSUs produces a range of defence equipment. They also provide overhaul and maintenance facilities. They areBharat Dynamics Ltd. BDLwas established in the year 1970 to be a manufacturing base for guided weapon systems12.Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. BEML is one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers of earthmoving, construction and mining equipment in Asia13.Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) was established in 1954 to meet the specialised electronic needs of the Indian defence services14.Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. HAL is a major player in the global aviation arena. It has built up comprehensive skills in design, manufacture and overhaul of fighters, trainers, helicopters, transport aircraft, engines, avionics and system equipment15.Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd. (GRSE) is one ofIndias leadingshipyards that builds and repairs a enormous range of vessels fromwarships for theIndian Navytomerchant shippingvessels16.Goa Shipyard Ltd. GSL is a shipyard that is one of the most sophisticated ship builders in the Country. For over four decades, GSL has designed, built and commissioned a wide range of sophisticated vessels for varied applications in the defence and commercial sectors with special expertise in mental synthesis modern patrol vessels of Steel and Aluminium hull structure17.Mazagon Dock Ltd. Mazagon Dock Limited is the Indias prime minister shipyard constructing warships as well as offshore platforms. It undertakes ship building, ship repairs and fabrication of offshore structures with facilities situated at Mumbai and Nhava18.Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd. MIDHANI caters to domestic and international customers with modern metallurgical facilities and high degree of technical competence for manufacturing its diverse product mix of superalloys, titanium alloys, special purpose steels, electrical resistance softmagnetic alloys, molybedenum and ot her alloys meeting the stringent requirements of the strategical sectors like defence, aerospace, power and general engineering etc19.Defence Research increase Organisation (DRDO). India also has a defence research and development (RD) capability. Called DRDO. DRDO draws on the work of 51 laboratories/establishments across the country, and (in theory at least) has destruction links with the eight PSUs. It also co-operates with 70 academic research institutions, 50 national science and technology centres, and some companies in the private sector.License Production16. Post independence Indias quest for self-reliance got a major boost through license production arrangement with USSR. This immensely eudaimoniaed defence industry as it improved many notable weapon systems from this experience. Indias self-reliance model in defence production was idea to have given a life lease by the Soviets. The normal assumption is that production under license would enable the country not only t o acquire the capability to produce a finical equipment or product but also help it gain the technical know-how for subsequent upgradation and further technological innovations. For the last fifty-odd years, India has been producing a number of defence equipment under license. Good examples in this regard are the Vijayanta tank and the MIG series of fighter aircraft20. But this does not seem to have helped in the development of the Arjun Main Battle Tank and the Light Combat Aircraft. Moreover, India has not even been able to climbcertain fighter aircraft held and operated for a long time by its armed forces.Direct procurement17. To meet the immediate requirement of the armed forces, outright purchase of the systems/ equipment is resorted to. This may be from abroad or for indigenous companies. The objective of the defence policy aims at maximizing indigenous production what could not be produced indigenously should be produced under license arrangement and those that could not be obtained through these two routes should be acquired by direct purchase.Emerging Defence Production Policies in 21st CentruyTransparency in Defence Procurement18. Since independence and almost till late 90s only a select few companies got the Request for Proposals (RFPs) with secrecy being maintained in the procurement process. With the introduction of Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) the government has strengthened its commitment to transparency in the procurement process and to removing the veil of secrecy surrounding it. The case in point is the procurement of MMRCA. The deals of recent times are open deals with no more veil of secrecy in the RFP. The details of the RFP are made available to all industry representatives by placing the tenders on the net, except in the most affectionate cases, which may be minuscule in number. Ensuring transparency in the procurement process has also resulted in widening the vendor base.Defence Procurement Procedure19. Defence Procurement Pro cedure 2008 is presently being followed. This was issued after DP-2006 was revised along with the Fast Track Procedure 2001 and the Procedure for Indigenous Warship Building. In addition, most importantly, a procedure for the development of systems based on indigenous research and design, categorized as MAKE, has now been formulated. This bridges a critical gap that existed hitherto, and would provide the requisite framework for increased participation of Indian industry in the defence sector.Some of the important features of Defence Procurement Procedure includes cut back the timeframe for acquisitions.Enhanced transparency by placing the generic requirements of the Services on MOD website and generating vendor registration through Internet.Increased transparency in the conduct of field trials.Integrity Pact made compulsory for all contracts above Rs. 100 crores.An Offset obligation of 30% for all contracts above Rs. 300 crores. However, there have been indications of companies t rying to dilute this clause.FDI in Defence Production20. To boost up the indigenous production in the defence sector, the government in 2001 had opened up the defence sector by permitting 100 percent private participation in defence production and also 26 percent Foreign Direct Investment of the host companys equity. However, the only glitch in the whole process was the requirement of obtaining a license from the defence ministry by the private firms to produce military hardware. However, there is a need to increase FDI congeal from the current 26 per cent which would facilitate access to desired niche technology and processes.De licensing of Defence Production21. DPP-2008 did away with the license requirement for industries for manufacturing military hardware, thereby creating a level playing field with the defence public sector undertakings. Considered to be a revolutionary DPP, the de licensing will enable the private industries to skillfully charter the available expertise to take up production of military hardware. This will definitely boost up the efforts of indigenization in defence technology.Raksha Udyog Ratnas22. Effective participation by the Industry, both public and private, at various points of interaction and subsequent long-term association in product development and productionisation, can be only make through those firms of proven excellence and which are capable of contributing, depending on their technical, managerial and financial strength. These firms called as Raksha Udyog Ratnas (RUR) would be the key drivers towards raising indigenous defence technological base and world-class manufacturing capabilities in India.R D in Military Aviation Sector23. Aviation is one of the most significant technological influences of our time and empowers the nation with strength. It is a major tool for economic development and has a significant fibre in National security andinternationalrelations.24. Various military, DPSUs and private companies have been associated in the R D activities, bundle and systems development and systems integration on civil, fighter aircraft and helicopters. These are Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Aircraft Upgrade Research and Development Centre (AURDC), HAL, Mission calculation System Research and Development Centre (MCSRDC) HAL, and Software Development Institute (SDI). DARE played a pivotal role in evolving the avionics architecture of Mig 27 upgrade, developed the Core Avionics computing device (CAC), mission information processing system packet for CAC, display suite software of SU 30 MKI and the hardware and operating system of Radar Computer of SU 30 MKI. SDI based at Bangalore has been actively involved in the indigenous upgrades of SU 30 MKI as well as development of various mission planning systems and weapon algorithms employed in Mig 27 upgrade. AURDC has been involved in the Bison upgrade, Mig 27 upgrade and various indigenous upgrades of SU 30 MKI aircraft. MCSRDC has played a vital role in the software development and integration of avionics systems in the Jaguar (Darin II) aircraft. It is also involved in the upgrade of Jaguar to Darin III standards.Joint Ventures25. India has an inherent edge over several other nations because of higher skills and lower costs of production. This makes India an ideal contender for joint ventures. HAL has entered into joint ventures with many overseas aviation system companies to undertake design and development of new systems in India. Some of these are the BaeHAL, HAL Edgewood, HELBIT etc. Many other software and hardware giants involved in the aviation hardware and software development especially in the enter and real time system domain have also established their facilities in Bangalore. Some of these are GE Intelligent Systems, Honeywell, etc.26. Given their rapid growth over the last decade, it is perhaps no surprise that Indian software companies such as HCL, Infosys, Infotech, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro have been active in the aerospace industry for several years. Increasingly, they are benefiting from the engineering services outsourcing programmes. This will help India evolve from IT and low-end business process outsourcing work to high-end design services. Overseas companies view the Indian companies as long-term partners and not as mere suppliers/vendors. hole-and-corner(a) Participation27. EADSs helicopter subsidiary Eurocopter has had one of the longest partnerships with Indian industry. Since 1962, it has worked with HAL in India to manufacture more than 600 Alouette 3 and Lama (known as Cheetah and Chetak locally) helicopters. HAL also produces airframes for the Ecureuil/Fennec family of rotorcraft. The European firm also plans to set up pilot lamp training facilities in India for the civil and military segments and plans to invest 7-8 billion ($9.5-11 billion) over the next 10 years. Tata has entered into JV with AgustaWestland to assemble the AW119 in India.28. Honeywell Aerospace, which provides integrated avionics, engines, systems and service products for the aerospace industry, is one example. The US company has a design and development centre in India that it hopes to expand in the coming years. Airbus has set up the Airbus Engineering Centre India in Bangalore where local engineers help develop capabilities in modelling and simulation, covering areas such as flight focusing systems and aerodynamics, to help in the design and production of aircraft such as the A380 and the A350. It is also working with Indian IT firms such as CADES, HCL, Infosys, Quest and Satyam to offer support across various aircraft programmes.Conclusion29. Indias defence-industrial strategy is directed primarily toward achieving self-reliance. Presently, there is a clear imbalance in requirements by the armed forces. While roughly 70 percent of requirements are met through arms imports, the domestic sources supply the rest. The current strategy is geared to reverse this trend with the primary aim of supplying three-fourth of the requirements through domestic sources. Indias decision to allow private participation in the defence-industrial sector is seen as a dual aim, namely to achieve much-needed capital and production sweetener and, secondly, to open up to the external market through their presence. There is also an effort to adopt fit strategies to make select sectors like aerospace and electronics globally competitive. DPSUs like HAL and BEL are now much in demand and are trying to become viable global giants.30. The overall strategy is to make the defence-industrial sector act as a locomotive for economic development. In this regard, an emphasis on dual-use technologies and production is contemplated which could benefit both the defence and civilian sector. The current strategy also looks into various options toward minimising the state investm ents in the defence sector while encouraging private and foreign portfolio investment in existing Indian defence companies. If recent changes in various policies related to the defence industry are supposed to have any meaning, then, despite all problems, there is something to be optimistic about in the Indian defence industry.